Imihlangano YeGeneva Ephathelene Nokuphathwa Kweziboshwa Zempi
Imihlangano Ye-Geneva yayihloselwe ukuvikela amasosha ayengasabambisani.
Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa amalungu abagulayo nabalimele, amalungu aphehliwe emkhunjini olwahlomile olwandle kanye neziboshwa zempi , kanye nezakhamuzi ezithile ezisizayo.
Kuyini iSivumelwano SaseGeneva?
Isivumelwano ngempela empeleni ngezivumelwano nezivumelwano. Egcinwe eGeneva, imihlangano ye-1949 kanye nezinqubomgomo ezimbili ezanezelwa ngo-1977 zakha isisekelo somthetho wamazwe omhlaba ngezikhathi zempi. Imihlangano emibili elandelayo yaseGeneva ngo-1951 no-1967 yavikela ababaleki.
Imihlangano Ye-Geneva ka-1949 yabalandela abanye abathathu okwenzeka ngo-1864, 1906, no-1929. Imihlangano Ye-1949 yavuselela izigcawu, imithetho, nezivumelwano ezafinyelelwa emhlanganweni wesithathu wokuqala.
Kwakukhona ngempela iMibuthano emine ngo-1949, kanti owokuqala wanikezela isibuyekezo sesine kwenguqulo yokuqala yesivumelwano. Yenza ukuvikela okungekhona kuphela abagulayo nabalimele kodwa kubasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe kanye nabasebenzi bezokwelapha.
Owesibili we-1949 i-Geneva Convention yahlinzeka ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi bezempi ababekhonza olwandle ngesikhathi sokulwa, kuhlanganise nalabo abavalelwe emikhumbi yesibhedlela.
Lalungisa amalungiselelo azuzwe eHague Convention ka-1906.
Umhlangano wesithathu we-1949 wawusetshenziselwa iziboshwa zempi futhi wafaka amajele e-1929 abaPrisoners of War Convention. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ibeka imigomo yezindawo zezindawo zokuthunjwa namazinga okumele agcinwe khona.
ISivumelwano sesine sathuthukisa ukuvikeleka kubantu, kuhlanganise nalawo asezindaweni ezithathiwe.
Kuphelele, ngo-196 "kusho izinhlangano" noma amazwe asayine futhi avumile iMigodi ka-1949 kule minyaka, kubandakanya abaningi abangazange bahlanganyele noma basayine kuze kube sekupheleni kwamashumi eminyaka kamuva. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Angola, iBangladesh, ne-Iran.
Ukwelashwa Kwababoshiwe Kwezimpi (Isigaba 60)
Isigaba 60 somhlangano we-Geneva ungenye yezinhlinzeko ezaziwayo, futhi libhekisela ekukhokhweni kweziboshwa zempi . Ifunde ingxenye:
"Amandla okugcina ayohlinzeka zonke iziboshwa zempi ukukhokhelwa kwangaphambili kwenyanga, inani elizobe lihlelwa ukuguqulwa, kube yimali yeMandla, lamanani alandelayo:
Isigaba I: Ababoshwa basebenzisa insizakalo engezansi: ama-francs ayisishiyagalombili aseSwitzerland.
Isigaba II: AmaSerge nezinye izikhulu ezingekho ngaphansi kwegunya, noma iziboshwa ezilinganayo: ama-francs ayishumi nambili aseSwitzerland.
Isigaba III: Izikhulu ze-Warrant nezikhulu ezithunyelwe ngaphansi kwesigaba sezikhulu noma iziboshwa ezilinganayo: ama-francs angu-50 amaSwitzerland.
Isigaba IV: Ama-Majors, ama-lieutenant colonels, amakholoni noma iziboshwa ezilinganayo: ama-francs ama-Swiss ayisithupha.
Isigaba V: Izikhulu ezijwayelekile noma iziboshwa ezilinganayo: ama-francs angama-ayisikhombisa nanhlanu amaSwitzerland.
Kodwa-ke, amaqembu e-mpikiswano ethintekayo angase abe nesivumelwano esiyingqayizivele sokushintsha inani lemali yentuthuko ngenxa yeziboshwa zezigaba eziphambili.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amanani aboniswe esigabeni sokuqala ngaphezulu angase aphakanyiswe ngokungafanele uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhokhwa kwamandla ahlomile kagesi aqoqe amandla noma ngabe, ngenxa yanoma yisiphi isizathu, angenza amahloni kakhulu uMandla Wokugcina, bese ulindele isiphetho sesivumelwano esikhethekile neMandla lapho iziboshwa zixhomeke khona ukuhlukahluka okubalwe ngenhla, amandla okugcina:
(a) Uzoqhubeka nokubolekisa ukulandisa kweziboshwa ngezibalo eziboniswe esigabeni sokuqala ngenhla;
(b) Nginganqanda okwesikhashana inani elitholakalayo kulezi zinyathelo zokukhokhela iziboshwa zempi ukuze zizisebenzise, izibalo ezizwakalayo, kodwa okuthi, ngokwezigaba I, ngeke neze zibe ngaphansi komthamo uMandla ogcinayo anikezela wona amalungu ayo amabutho ahlomile.
Izizathu zanoma yikuphi ukulinganiselwa kuzonikezwa ngaphandle kokulibala kuMandla okuvikela. "
Ingabe Imihlangano YeGeneva Isayilandelwa Namuhla?
Nakuba izivumelwano ezibekwe yiMigomo yaseGeneva zisasebenza namuhla, ezinye izingxoxo zenzeke eminyakeni yamuva mayelana nokuzivuselela futhi. Umbuzo ovelele kakhulu ukuthi ngabe amalungelo okusiza abantu asetshenziswa yiMigomo yaseGeneva yeziboshwa zempi kufanele ahlangane namaphekula noma amacala amaphekula.
Abaholi bezwe baye babuza ukuthi le mithetho, ebhalwe emva kweMpi Yezwe II futhi ivuselelwe ngemuva kweMpi YeVietnam, isebenza empini zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi emva kwezehlakalo zikaSeptember 11, 2001. Uma kunjalo, zingabhekwa kanjani ngokuphumelelayo? Ingabe kufanele zibuyekezwe ukubhekana nezinsongo ezintsha, njengezenzo zobuphekula?
Icala likaHamdi v. Rumsfield labeka amehlo kule ndaba ngo-2004 ngesikhathi uHamdi, isakhamuzi sase-US, esolwa ngokujoyina amabutho aseTaliban emhlabathini wase-US.
Ngenxa yalokho, lokhu kwamenza waba ngumphikisi wezitha futhi wambeka ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwemigodi yaseGeneva. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States inqume ngokuhlukile, isisekelo salo isinqumo esinqumweni esivela ukusebenza kusukela ngo-2001 evumela umengameli ukuba asebenzise wonke amandla afanelekayo futhi afanelekile ngokumelene nanoma yiliphi izwe elibandakanyekile ekuhlaselweni kwe-9/11.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMigomo iphoqa bonke ababambe iqhaza esivumelwaneni-kuhlanganise ne-Afghanistan-ukunikeza amandla okubusa nokusekela kokuvikela kwayo. Kumelwe bazinze emhlabathini wabo. Kuhlala kubonakala ukuthi ngabe izibuyekezo ezengeziwe zizofinyelelwa ukuze zamukele lezi zikhathi ezishintshayo.