Funda mayelana nomngenisi we-Printing Press
Invention of the Book
Naphezu kwesimo samasiko seG Gutenberg njengengqikithi yenqubo yokukhiqiza kwezincwadi zanamuhla - Umagazini we- Time ogama lakhe lingu-"Person of the Millennium" ngo-1999-kancane kancane uyaziwa ngemininingwane yokuphila kwakhe.
Life of Gutenberg
UJohn Gutenberg wazalelwa emndenini ophakeme kakhulu wezitolo zegolide eGizz, eJalimane cishe ngo-1395. Okuningi kwalokho esikuyazi ngokuphila kukaGutenberg kungokomqulu wezomthetho wesikhathi sakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, wathembisa ukushada nomuntu kodwa akazange, futhi wamyisa enkantolo; futhi wayekweleta imali kulokho okwakubonakala sengathi kuyisimiso esisheshayo sokuthola imali ehilela ukudayisa ama-baubles kubahambi bezenkolo.
Amadokhumenti yolwazi avela kulezi zincwadi kanye neminye imibhalo esemthethweni nophenyo olunzulu lwama-scholarly uphakamisa ukuthi uG Gutenberg wayeyindoda enomdlandla ozinikele emcabangweni wokukhiqizwa kwamakhasi aphrintiwe, umsunguli obole imali ukuze abone ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe uphelela kanjani-futhi ngokuyimfihlo kakhulu ngemibono yakhe ngenkathi beyikuthuthukiswa.
Umuntu oyedwa owaboleka u-Gutenberg isamba esikhulu kwakunguJohn Fust. UFust wagcina efuna ukubuyisela imali yakhe nesithakazelo esikhishwe futhi kubonakala sengathi uthathe umshini wokuqala, owawubekwe njengesibopho.
U-Gutenberg waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokunyathelisa futhi kubonakala sengathi uqhubeke eguqulela izindlela zokunyathelisa ukuze enze amandla engeziwe. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wanikwa isabelo esivela kumbhishobhi omkhulu wase-Mainz ukudla nokugqoka, ebonisa ukuthi wayephila izinsuku zakhe ngokududuza.
Izindlela zokuprinta zikaGutenberg
Okunye ukucabanga ukuthi ukuvezwa kukaG Gutenberg kwezindlela zensimbi zegolide ezomsebenzi wamakhasimende kwakumnika amakhono adingekayo ukudala izincwadi, ezivuselelekayo ezenziwe ensimbi-"uhlobo oluhambayo" -ukubeka amakhasi.
Ngesikhathi amaShayina esungula uhlobo lwezinto ezihambayo cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu ngaphambili futhi aqhubeka nokwenza ngcono izindlela zabo, ukuvinjelwa kolimi, inkolo, isiko, kanye nezinto ezigcinwe kuzo kugcinwa ubuchwepheshe kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi u-Gutenberg ophefumlelwe yini emibhalweni yakhe yokunyathelisa, kwakudingeka ukuba asebenze ngokuzikhandla ngokweqile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene-lokho esikuziyo njengamakhemikhali kanye nobunjiniyela bemishini-ukuletha umshini wokunyathelisa ukuze wenze isicelo esiwusizo.
Uhlobo lwakhe lwensimbi lwaludinga ukuba kwakhelwe amakhola amasha, ama-okskthi asekelwe ngamafutha ayengabambelela kulohlobo. Kwakudingeka futhi ukuthi kudalwe idivayisi engadlulisela- "cindezela" -inki ngokulinganayo emakhasini. Kucatshangwa ukuthi uG Gutenberg wasebenzisa umshini wokucindezela ukunyathelisa izincwadi zakhe. Amadivaysi afanayo ayenesikhathi esetshenziswa ukwenza iphepha bese ucindezela amagilebhisi ngewayini.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwephepha kwaletha izindleko phansi futhi kwenza leli phepha libe yinto ebonakalayo yezincwadi, okwezomnotho ngaphezu kwe-vellum.
AmaBhayibheli kaGutenberg
AmaBhayibheli aseGubenberg, avela ngawo-1450, abhekwa njengencwadi yokuqala ephrintiwe eNtshonalanga kanti, nakuba engabheki igama lephrinta noma yikuphi emibhalweni, kuthiwa yi-Gutenberg yokuqala yokunyathelisa.
Eziningana zazo ziyi-Morgan Library neMyuziyamu eNew York City futhi zivame ukuboniswa.
Ifa leGuenenberg
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa, izincwadi zazikhona kwifomu ye-codex ; okungukuthi, izincwadi zazikopishwa ngesandla futhi iBhayibheli lingathatha cishe iminyaka emibili ukukhiqiza. Iningi lomphakathi jikelele lalizobona incwadi-ukuthi iBhayibheli-kuphela esontweni, kanti bonke kodwa abacebile nabafundi bazofanele bahambe ukuze babheke omunye wemibhalo yakudala njenge- Hlili 's Illiad .
Njengoba ukunyatheliswa kokunyathelisa-ukushicilelwa kwakhiwa njengebhizinisi, inkundla yokuqala yokuhweba ibhuku yasungulwa eFrankfurt, eJalimane, hhayi eduze nalapho uG Gutenberg eyanyathelisa khona iBhayibheli lakhe lokuqala. Ukuphumelela kokusebenzisa uhlobo oluhambayo nomshini wokunyathelisa ukukhiqiza izincwadi ngokushesha kwalungisa indlela yokukhiqizwa kwamabhuku nezinye izinto zokufunda, kufaka phakathi izibambiso ezishicilelwe zokukhangisa lezi zincwadi zokuqala- incwadi yokuqala yokuthengisa !
Ulwazi oluphrintiwe olubanjwe ngokushesha njengendlela yokuxhumana. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, imibono yayifakwe ngokoqobo emphakathini jikelele ngezindlela zegama eliphrintiwe, futhi ubhukule ukushicilela ulwazi olunikeziwe, imicabango nemasiko ekusakazeni ngesilinganiso ngokushesha kunanini ngaphambili.
Funda kabanzi mayelana namaphayona embonini yezincwadi, uBarnes & Noble sikaLen Riggio noJeff Bezos no-Amazon.com .