I-MOPP Level 4 Gear kanye nezikhali zamakhemikhali neziphilayo eziyingozi
Amakhemikhali e-Chemical amakhemikhali anobuthi angabangela imiphumela ecasulayo, enze izinto zokusebenza noma izindawo ezingenakwenzeka, futhi kubangele ukufa.
Ubukhulu bokulimala buxhomeke kuhlobo lwe-agent, ukuxilongwa kwe-agent esebenzayo, nendlela yokusabalalisa.
Izinhlobo Zama-Chemical Agents
I-United States Military ihlukanisa ama-anti-chemical agents agandaganda ngezigaba ezine:
- Ama-Nerve Agents: Ama- nertif agents ahlasela isimiso sezinzwa futhi ashintshe ukulawula imisipha, umbono, inhliziyo, nemaphaphu. UMnyango Wezokuvikela (i-DOD) uthatha lesi sigaba cishe samakhemikhali angase asetshenziswe ngokumelene nabasebenzi baseMelika baseMelika abahlanganyele empini yokulwa.
- Ama-blister Agents: Ama- blister ama-agent ahlasela futhi abhubhisa izicubu zesisusa ezibangela ukucasuka, ukuvuvukala, kanye nama-blisters amakhulu. Lo monakalo wesisindo ukwandisa amathuba okutheleleka futhi kungase kubangele ukufa. Ezimweni eziningi, ubuhlungu namabhansela angeke kwenzeke kuze kube yilapho sekude isikhathi eside.
- Ama-Choking Agents: Ama- choking agents adala ukucasuka nokuvuvukala kwamatayipi namapayipi amancane. Uma inani elanele lingena emaphashini, i-liquid ingase ibuthe lapho. Ukufa kubangelwa ukungabi khona kwe-oxygen.
- Ama-Blood Agents: Amakhemikhali egazi aphazamisa izindawo ezithwala oksijini. Lawa mafutha asebenza ngokusheshisa alahle ngokushesha emoyeni kodwa abulale kakhulu. Amakhemikhali egazi awonakalisa izihlungi zemaski, ngakho-ke izihlungi kufanele zishintshwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka emva kokuhlasela kwe-agent yegazi.
Ukuthunyelwa kanye Nempahla Yomzimba
Ama-chemical agents angakhishwa ngamagobolondo, ama-rocket, amabhomu, amabhomu, izimayini, iziphampi zezindiza kanye nemicibisholo.
Ukwengeza, zingasetshenziswa ezifakwe emotweni yomoya, umhlaba, kanye namanzi noma ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlambalaza ukudla kanye namanzi. Izinhlobo ezivamile zamakhemikhali zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa:
AmaGesi nama-Vapors. Amagesi namavungu ngokuvamile ayabonakali. Kodwa-ke, amafu kagesi angabonakala okwesikhashana ngemuva kokukhululwa noma ezindaweni lapho kunomoya omncane ukunyakaza khona. Umzila wabo oyinhloko wokungena ungomgwaqo wokuphefumula, nakuba amanye ama-agent asezindlini ezinzima angena ngaphakathi kweso nasesikhumba esikhombisiwe. Ama-gases nama-vapor angase ahlale isikhathi eside kuze kube amahora amaningana, lapho kunezikhala ezimbi kakhulu ezenzeka ezindaweni ezingezansi, izindawo ezifayo ezinjengezakhiwo, emaphandleni, ama-shell craters, imifula nezindawo ezikhuni.
Amafutha. Ama-agent e-liquid angacaca kumbala omnyama futhi abe ne-viscosity yamafutha omshini omuhle; ama-thickened agent angase abe nokubonakala kwamafutha. Amakhemikhali amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa uketshezi olwandle angase abe nzima kakhulu ukuwubona ngeso lengqondo. Indlela enokwethenjelwa kokubili yokuthola nokwazisa amakhemikhali e-liquid and blister ama-m8 amaphepha wemithi yamakhemikhali. Okokugcina, ama-agent agesi abuye akhiphe amaphuzu anobuthi angagonywa futhi angasebenza asebenze izinsuku eziningi.
Ama-Solids (Amandla). Amanye ama-agent akhululwa ngefomu le-powder.
Bangakwazi ukungena emzimbeni ngesikhumba noma baxilwe. Ama-agent afana namafomu afana nokuthuli akhululwa ngezimo ezihlukahlukene zezulu futhi angahlala esebenza amasonto amaningi. Lezi zinkampani "ezinothuli" kunzima ukuzitholwa ngaphandle kokuthi zimanzi. Uma sekutholiwe, kungenzeka ukuthi i-decontaminated ne-5 percent solution ye-chlorine bleach.
Izinsiza Zokuzivikela Zezimpi Zomakhemikhali
Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo, ukuhlushwa, noma indlela yokuhlaselwa, ukuvikelwa okusheshayo ngokumelene nama-chemical agents yi-mask ne-chemical-defense ensemble. I-United States Military inemishini engcono kunazo zonke eqhutshwa kuwo wonke umhlaba, futhi lapho isetshenziswa kahle, ivikela ngokumelene nesitha samakhemikhali noma ukuhlasela kwezinto eziphilayo.
I-mask iyisici esiyinhloko semishini yokuzivikela. Uma igqoke kahle, ivikela ubuso, amehlo, nokuphefumula ngokumelene nawo wonke ama-chemical agents kanye nama-biological aziwayo.
Ngaphandle kwe-mask, isitatimende sokuzivikela kwamakhemikhali esetshenziswa yi-US Military ihlanganisa i-overgarment yamakhemikhali (ibhulukwe kanye nejackethi), i-mask-hood, amagilavu okuzivikela, nama-protective overboots.
I-Mask Gas Gas
Ama-gas masks awawona amasha empini. Amaski e-gesi aseMelika aqale asebenze ngobuningi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ukuvikela amasosha ekuhlaselweni kwegesi. Amagesi atshisayo abonakala njengendlela yokuqeda ukulimala e-Western Front. Amakhemikhali amaningi amakhemikhali asetshenziswa eNtshonalanga Yaphambili kwakuyigesi lwesardard (i-blister agent) negesi le-chlorine (i-choking agent). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube manje manje ama-gas masks asebe yingxenye yezinto zokusebenza zomuntu wezempi njengombhoshongo, i-flak, nesigqoko.
Ngokujwayelekile, ama-masks kagesi akhiwa eplastiki e-non-permeable ye-plastic rubberised, abanye beba ne-hood evikelekile efaka ikhanda. Ipulasitiki ye-rubberised yenzelwe ukwakha uphawu olungenalutho olukhunjulwa ngesikhumba. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinwele zobuso ziphakamisa ingozi yokuba 'uphawu olubi' futhi kufanele kugwenywe (lesi sizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi iNavy iguqule iziqondiso zayo kanye nezintshebe ezidutshulwe).
Amasiki kagesi asebenzisa amaflaya okugcoba asebenzayo ahlunga amanzi, i-aerosol kanye ne-toxol evolumu evela emoyeni ongcolisiwe. Ukuhlunga kwe-mask yegesi kunempilo elinganiselwe. Kumele kuthathwe indawo uma ikhubazekile, idalulwe emanzini / umswakama, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile sokuchayeka endaweni engcolile, ngemuva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside endaweni engcolile, noma uma "umphefumulo wabo" usuphelile.
Isigqoko sokuvikela
Amalahle anikezwe i-overgarment i-semi-permmeable futhi kufanele agqoke izingubo zokulwa ezijwayelekile. I-lining isebenza ngendlela efanayo ngendlela yokuhlunga kwe-mask's respirator, ukukhipha ubuthi kanye nokungcola.
Isendwangu esine-semimeable ivumela ukuphefumula okuthile ukubaleka. I-overgarment ivikela ukulwa nama-toxins namakhemikhali amakhemikhali emanzini amanzi, i-vapor ne-aerosol ifomu. Ngenxa yokuthi indwangu iyigugu kakhulu, ayikwazi ukuvikela umgqozi ngokumelene neziphuzo, futhi izitshalo ezimanzi noma ezigcweleyo (mhlawumbe ngesikhukhula, i-agent yamakhemikhali noma ekuphefumuleni komuntu wezempi) ziyashintshwa futhi kufanele zishintshwe.
Njengama-masks, i-overgarments yakhelwe ukuba ibe nempilo elinganiselwe futhi kufanele ishintshwe ngemuva kokubekwe eceleni noma isikhathi sokugqoka.
Ama-Overboots namaGlove
I-NBC (i-nyukliya, i-biological, amakhemikhali) evikela izigqoko zokuzivikela kanye namagilavu akhiwe ngamapulasitiki angenakuqhathaniswa futhi asegqoke amabhodlela okulwa nokujwayelekile amaglavu. Ubuningi beglovu bungaba nezinhlobonhlobo zezidingo zokusebenza lapho kukhishwa khona i-dexterity.
Ngeshwa, ngenkathi i-US Military-defense-defense ensemble ihlinzeka izinga eliphakeme lokuvikelwa, linganciphisa futhi libhekane nokuphumelela ngokususa umbono, ukuzwa, nokuxoshwa. Kungabangela ukucindezeleka kwengqondo nokuphelelwa amandla okushisa phakathi nokusebenza okulukhuni emakhazeni afudumele. Yilapho amazinga e-MOPP aseMpi aqala khona.
Isingeniso kumazinga e-MOPP aseMpi
I-MOPP imelela "Izimo Zokuzivikela Ezivikelwe Ngezimfundiso." Amazinga e-MOPs avumela abalawuli ukuba baqhubekele phambili ukuvelela kwabo okuvikelekile okusekelwe ekusongweni kokuhlasela okuseduze futhi bafeze imisebenzi ngokulinganisa ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi nokuvikelwa kwamandla. Ngenxa yokuthi amazinga e-MOPP ajwayelekile futhi aqondakala kalula, abaphathi bangashintsha ukuma okuvikelayo ngaphandle kwezincazelo ezide. Abalawuli bangakwazi ukuphakamisa noma ukuvikela abaphansi ngamanqanaba ayisithupha, izinga le-MOPP 0 ngezinga le-MOPP Alpha.
Ukuvikelwa komuntu ngamunye kwenyuka kusuka e-MOPP level 0, lapho kuphela izinto zokuzivikela ezivamile (web gear, helmet, kanye nemishini yokuzivikela ekhona) igcwele impahla kanye nokuzivikela kwamakhemikhali igcinwe eduze, kwizinga le-MOPP 4, lapho zonke izinto zokuvikela zigugile. I-MOPP level Alpha idinga abantu ukuba bagqoke kuphela imaski yabo kanye namagilavu futhi basetshenziswe njengendlela yokuvikela okuvikelekile kuphela ezimweni ezithile emva kokuba uhlobo lokungcola lubekwe.
Umthelela Wokukhula Kwezinga leMOPP
Njengamazinga e-MOPP kanye negesi elivikelayo liyadingeka ukwanda, ukusebenza komuntu kunciphisa ngenxa yalokho. Nakuba kungenakuqhathaniswa nokushona kwamakhemikhali, izinkinga zokushisa zivame kakhulu. Ama-Non-Commissioned Officers (I-NCOs) kanye namaGosa aseMelika aseMelika aqeqeshiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi osebenzayo kanye nokuphumula kwawo "amabutho" abo ahlonishwa ukulawula ukushisa komzimba ngesikhathi sezimoto noma izimo zempi.
Ukwehla kwamanzi emzimbeni kuyinkinga enkulu lapho abantu besebenza emazingeni aphezulu okushisa ngenkathi begqoke ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali. Abantu bavame ukuphuza ukuze banelise ukoma okubonakalayo kunokuba bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo zangokwenyama. Eqaphela lokhu, i-US Military izitimela abasebenzi bayo abalindi ukuba bome ngaphambi kokuphuza. Amalungu aseMpiya aqeqeshwe ukuphuza njalo ngenkathi e-MOPP ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwawo futhi agweme ukushona kokushisa, futhi ama-NCO kanye namaGosa aqaphele futhi aqondise abantu bazo ukuba baphuze inani elinqunyiwe lamanzi uma bengathandi ngokuzithandela ngokwanele. Amaski empeleni ane-tube engasetshenziselwa ukuphuza ekunamathiselwe kwisembozo se-canteen, okuvumela amalungu ezempi aqhubeke ephuza amanzi ngisho nasendaweni engcolile.
Sibutsetelo samazinga we-MOPP
I-MOPP Level 0. Esikhundleni se-MOPP 0, i-mask igqokelwe kumthwali wesithwathwa kwi-hip yelungu lezempi. Igeyimu yokuvikela amakhemikhali ikhishwe, ilungiswe, futhi itholakala ukuze ilungu likwazi ukulibuyisela kungakapheli imizuzu emihlanu. I-MOPP Level 0 isetshenziswe ngezikhathi zokwaziswa okwandisiwe lapho isitha sinamandla okusebenza ngamakhemikhali / kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ayikho inkomba yokusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo.
I-MOPP Level 1. Kule nqanaba, i-overgarment yamakhemikhali (ibhulukwe kanye nejackethi) igqoke, kanti yonke imishini isetshenziswa. I-MOPP Level 1 isetshenziswe uma kunqunywa ukuthi ukuhlasela kwamakhemikhali / kwezinto eziphilayo emidlalo yokudlala kungenzeka.
I-MOPP Level 2. Esikhundleni se-MOPP Level 2, i-overgarment igqoke, futhi ama-overboots agqoke. I-mask, hood, kanye namagilavu aqhutshwa emasikini-othwala, abanjwe esikhwameni. I-MOPP Level 2 iqaliswa uma kwenzeka ukuhlasela kwamakhemikhali / kwezinto eziphilayo.
I-MOPP Level 3. Kulesi sigaba seMOPP, i-overgarment, i-mask / hood, ne-overboots zigqamile, kepha amagilavu evikelayo angathathwa. I-MOPP Level 3 isetshenzisiwe ngemuva kokuba amakhemikhali asetshenziswe yisitha, kodwa ezindaweni ezinobungozi obungenangqondo.
I-MOPP Level 4. Konke kugqoke. Lesi simo sisetshenziswe ngesikhathi / emva kokuhlaselwa lapho izikhali zamakhemikhali zisetshenzisiwe noma zisolakala.
I-MOPP Level Alpha. I-mask, hood, namagilavu agqoke, kepha i-overgarment evikelayo ayikho. I-MOPP Level Alpha ibizwa kuphela ngezimo ezithile, njengalapho ikhuphuka kusuka e-agent engozini yomshukela we-vapor, noma lapho izakhiwo zangaphakathi noma izindiza.
Ukungcoliswa kokugwema
Ukuvezwa kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali noma ama-biological (CB) kungenzeka ngesikhathi nangemva kokuhlaselwa; Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi baseMelika baqeqeshwe ukuba basebenzise ukuqapha okukhulu ukuze banciphise ukusakazwa kokungcola. Noma kunini lapho kunokwenzeka khona, izinsiza ezibucayi ezifana nezindiza, izimoto kanye nemishini zivikelwe ekungcoleni ngokuzifaka ngaphansi kwezingubo ze-hangars, izindlu, noma ezinye izakhiwo, noma zimboze ngamapulpula epulasitiki noma amathisipulini angenawo amanzi ngaphambi kokuhlasela. Uma zigcinwe esakhiweni noma etendeni, abasebenzi bafundiswa ukugcina amafasitela, izicabha, izingcingo, njll, kuvaliwe lapho bekwaziswa ngokuhlasela okulindelekile nangemva kokuhlaselwa baze bazise ukuthi izingozi azikho.
Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa izingubo zokuzivikela kanye nemishini, ukuqonda kwengqondo kudlala indima enkulu lapho usebenza ezindaweni ezingcolile. Izisebenzi zempi ziqeqeshwe ukugwema ukuguqa, ukuhlala, noma ukuhamba ezindaweni ezingcolile uma kungenzeka, futhi ungathinti lutho ngaphandle uma kudingekile. Lapho izimvume zivuma, amaqembu azothunyelwa ukuzobona futhi afake izindawo ezingcolile. I-US Military inezici ezikhethekile zokuqeda amakhemikhali angakwazi ukuhlaziya imishini kanye nezindawo zomhlaba, lapho ingozi ikhonjwe futhi ikhona.
Abasebenzi Ukuqedwa
Uma i-agent ekhemikhali ifika esikhunjeni noma imishini yokuvikela, kufanele isuswe ngokushesha. Amanye ama-agent asebenza ngokushesha-futhi angakwazi ukungasebenzi ngaphakathi kwendaba yamaminithi. Izinga lokulimala elibangelwa i-agent ekhemikhali landa isikhathi eside kakhulu esikhumbeni. Izombusazwe zibhekene nezinkampani ezikhethiwe zokuqothula abasebenzi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-M291 kanye ne-M295 yokukhishwa komuntu ngamunye. Yindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokususa ama-chemical agents esikhumbeni.
Uma kungekho isitifiketi somuntu siqu sokuqothula, amasosha angasebenzisa isisombululo se-chlorine bleach engamaphesenti angu-5 ukuze asuse i-agent yekhamikhali kusuka emishini kanye nesisombululo se-0.5% sokususa ama-agent esikhumbeni. Amehlo asengozini kakhulu lapho evezwa ngamagundane nezinzwa ze-blister. Uma omunye walawa ma-agent efika emehlweni, abasebenzi basezempi baqeqeshwe ukuba banisele ngamanzi. Abasebenzi bezempi base-US baphinde bakhishwe ama-antidotes ama-nerge futhi bafundise ukuwasebenzisa, uma kunesidingo.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Decontamination Powder. I-decontamination powder ihloswe yizempi yokuqeda isikhumba samasosha nemishini yomuntu siqu kusuka kuma-agent e-NBC. I-powder ivame ukuba nomhlabathi ophansi ukuyibeka indawo enkulu, okwenza ibe yi-adsorbent ephumelelayo kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izithako ezisemqoka yi-chloride ye-lime ne-magnesium oxide ehlinzeka kokubili ukukhipha kanye ne-neutralization.
Iphepha Lokuthola Amakhemikhali. Iphepha lokuthola amakhemikhali lingathola futhi libheke ama-chemical agents. Leli phepha linamathele njengama-patches ku-overgarment yokuzivikela kwamakhemikhali usebenzisa i-adhesive support noma impahla yokubophezela njenge-Velcro. Leli phepha lihlanganiswe namabala azwela izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-chemical agent warfare futhi izobonisa ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwe-agent olunezibonakaliso ezihambelanayo.
I-Anti Agote Yezinzwa. Abamele ukwelashwa bakhipha ama-antidotes nama-anti-anti-adress ngesikhathi sokulungela ukwanda. I-anti-idijithali yomshanguzo oyinhloko i-injector ye-intra-muscular ene-cocktail ye-oxime ne-atropine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameleli bezokwelapha bazokhipha amaphilisi e-bridide e-pyridostigmine uma uhlobo olufanele lwe-agent yezinzwa kulindeleke ukuthi luqashwe. Amalungu aseMpiya athathe lawa maphilisi, ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, lapho eqondiswa ikomkhulu eliphakeme. Lezi amaphilisi, uma ihlanganiswa ne-antidote, ibeka umkhawulo emiphumeleni yezinhlobo ezithile ze-agent ye-nerve poisoning.
Ukuhlasela Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ngokungeziwe ekuhlaselweni kwamakhemikhali, i-US Military nayo ilungele ukuhlaselwa kusetshenziswa ama-biological agent, aphilayo ezincane eziphilayo ezibangelwa izifo kubantu, ezilwaneni noma ezitshalweni, noma ezibangela izinto ukuba ziwohloke. Lawa ma-agent angasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukudala izifo ezifana ne-anthrax, ikholera, isifo, noma i-diphtheria, noma ngokungaqondile ukuthelela izitshalo nokunciphisa ukudla. Lezi zifo zisakazwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kubandakanya ukufaka izitshalo noma izilwane ezithathelwanayo, ukulunywa ezilwaneni ezinesifo kanye nezinambuzane noma ngokugqugquzela ama-micro-organisms. Ama-Micro-organisms asetshenziselwa izimpi eziphilayo ahlanganisa amabhaktheriya, i-rickettsiae, i-fungus, nama-virus (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amagciwane). Bangena emzimbeni, bakhiqize futhi banqobe izivikelo zomzimba. Ama-biological agents kanye nama-chemical agents ngokuvamile asakazwa ngendlela efanayo.
I-mask ingahlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwamanye ama-biological agents. Esinye sezivikelo ezingcono kakhulu ngokumelene nama-biological agents ukuphikiswa komzimba ekuguleni. Ukuhlala esimweni esingokomzimba futhi ukugcina izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka komuntu siqu kusiza amalungu ezempi kusize ekunciphiseni ukusakazeka kwezifo. Amalungu aseMpi ajwayele ukugonywa ngesikhathi (nangemva) ukuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo kwezifo ezihlukahlukene. Ukwengeza, amalungu ezempi ahambisa ezindaweni ezibhekwa ngokuthi "usongo oluphakeme" wezakhi eziphilayo, zithola umuthi wokugoma we-anthrax kanye nomgomo wokugoma.