Imithetho Yempi
I-LOAC ibangelwa isifiso phakathi kwezizwe eziphucukile ukuvimbela ukuhlupheka okungadingekile nokubhujiswa ngenkathi kungenzi ukuvimbela ukulwa okuphumelelayo kwempi. Ingxenye yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba wonke, i-LOAC ilawula ukuziphatha kwempi ehlomile. Ihlose futhi ukuvikela izakhamizi, iziboshwa zempi, abalimele, abagulayo kanye nomkhumbi. I-LOAC isebenza emibangweni yezizwe ezizimele kanye nokuziphatha kwemisebenzi yezempi nemisebenzi ehlobene nokulwa, kodwa lezi zingxabano zibonakala.
Inqubomgomo ye-LOAC
I-DoDD 5100.77 , i- DoD Law of War Program , idinga ukuthi umnyango ngamunye wezempi uklanyelwe uhlelo oluqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwe-LOAC, kuvimbela ukwephula i-LOAC, kuqinisekisa ukuphawula okusheshayo kokuphulwa kwe-LOAC okusolwa, kuqeqesha ngokufanele wonke amabutho ku-LOAC, futhi kuqedela ukubuyekezwa ngokomthetho kwezikhali ezintsha. Nakuba ezinye zezinsizakalo ngokuvamile zibhekisela ku-LOAC njengomthetho wempi (LOW), ngaphakathi kwalesi sihloko LOAC no-LOW kukhona okufanayo. Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-LOAC kuyisibopho somthetho we-United States ngaphansi kwezinhlinzeko zoMhlangano Wase-Geneva ka-1949. Ukuqeqeshwa kumele kube yinto evamile; Kodwa-ke, amaqembu athile anjengezindiza, amabutho akhethekile, imisebenzi ekhethekile, abancane, abasebenzi bezokwelapha kanye namabutho ezokuvikela, njll, bathola ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, okukhethekile okubhekene nezinkinga eziyingqayizivele ezingase zihlangane nazo.
Umthetho Wamazwe Womhlaba Wonke
I-LOAC ivela kokubili umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wesintu kanye nezivumelwano. Umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wesintu, esekelwe emisebenzini eyenziwe yizizwe njengokwemthethweni, ubeka imithetho yemveli elawula ukuziphatha kwempi empini.
Isigaba VI soMthethosisekelo wase-US sithi izibophezelo zomthetho we-United States "ngumthetho ophakeme wezwe," futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ibike ukuthi umthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ukufaka isiko, uyingxenye yomthetho wase-US. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izivumelwano nezivumelwano i-United States ingena ekujabuleleni isimo esifanayo njengemithetho edluliswa yiCongress futhi isayinwe nguMongameli.
Ngakho-ke, bonke abantu abahambisana nomthetho wase-US kumele bahloniphe izibopho ze-United States 'LOAC. Ngokuyinhloko, abasebenzi bezempi kumele babheke i-LOAC ukuthi ihlele futhi isebenze imisebenzi futhi kumele ilalele i-LOAC empini. Labo abaphula i-LOAC bangabanjwa njengecala lobugebengu bezempi kanye nekhotho-martialed ngaphansi kweKhodi Elingavamile Yezobulungiswa BaseMpi (UCMJ).
Izimiso
Imithetho emithathu ebalulekile ye-LOAC ilawula ukulwa kwempi-isidingo sempi, ukuhlukana, nokulingana.
Ukubaluleka Kwezempi. Isidingo sempi sidinga ukuba amabutho empi ahlanganyele kuphela kulezo zenzo ezidingekayo ukuze afeze injongo esemthethweni yezempi. Ukuhlaselwa kuzolinganiselwa kuphela izinhloso zempi. Ngokusebenzisa isidingo sempi sokukhomba, umthetho ngokujwayelekile uchaza ukuthi i- United States Military ingase ihlose lezo zakhiwo, imishini, kanye nempi, lapho, uma ibhujiswa, izoholela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ekuthumeleni okuyingxenye noma okuphelele kwesitha.
Njengesibonelo sokuhambisana nesimiso sesidingo sempi ngesikhathi se-Operation Desert Storm, cabanga ngokuhloswa kwethu nokubhujiswa kwamabhethri we-Iraq SCUD kanye nebutho lase-Iraq namabutho empi. Lezi zenzo zathola ngokushesha ukuphakama komoya futhi zaphuthuma ukunqoba kwezempi zase-Iraq.
Isidingo sempi sisebenza futhi ekubuyekezeni izikhali. I-AFI 51-402, Ukubuyekezwa Kwezingqola, kudinga ukuthi uMbutho Wezempi wenze ukubuyekezwa ngokomthetho kwazo zonke izikhali nezikhali zokulwa nezikhali ezihloswe ukuhlangabezana nemfuneko yempi. Lezi zibuyekezo ziqinisekisa ukuthi i-United States iyavumelana nezibopho zayo zomhlaba jikelele, ikakhulukazi lezo eziphathelene ne-LOAC, futhi isiza abahleli bezempi ukuthi baqinisekise ukuthi abasebenzi basezempi abasebenzisi izikhali noma izikhali eziphula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Izikhali ezingekho emthethweni zokulwa zihlanganisa izikhali zobuthi futhi zandisa izinhlamvu ezingenalutho ezimpini. Ngisho nezikhali ezisemthethweni zingadinga imingcele ethile ekusetshenzisweni kwazo ezimweni ezithile ukukhulisa ukuhambisana ne-LOAC.
Ukuhlukanisa. Ukuhlukanisa kusho ukubandlulula phakathi kwezinhloso zokulwa ezivumelekile kanye nezinhloso ezingavumelani njengabantu abahlali, impahla yabasemakhaya, i-POWs kanye nabasebenzi abalimele abangabalwa.
Umqondo oyinhloko wokuhlukanisa ukubandakanya kuphela izinhloso zempi ezifanele. Ukuhlaselwa okungakhethi yilowo oshaya izinhloso zempi kanye nezakhamuzi noma izinto ezingasese ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa. Ukuhlukaniswa kudinga abavikeli ukuba bahlukanise izinto zezempi ezivela ezintweni ezingasese ezenzweni ezingasese. Ngalokho-ke, bekungeke kungafanelekile ukuthola indawo yesibhedlela noma i-POW ekamu eduze kwefektri yezikhali.
Ukulingana. Ukulinganisela kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo noma izinga lamandla elidlula elidinga ukufeza injongo yempi. Ukulinganisela kuqhathanisa inzuzo yezempi eyitholile engozini eyenziwa ngenkathi ithola le nzuzo. Ukulingana kudinga ukuhlolwa kokulinganisa phakathi kwenzuzo yezokukhonkolo nokuqondisa impi okulindelekile ngokuhlasela isisombululo sempi esisemthethweni kanye nokulimala okubangelwa umphakathi noma umonakalo.
Ngaphansi kwalolu daba lokulinganisa, ukulahlekelwa ngokweqile okwenziwe ngokweqile akuvunyelwe. Ukulinganisela kuhlose ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa ezimweni lapho abantu ababulalayo abazobe behluleka kakhulu ukuzuza impi. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza izinyathelo zokulwa ukunciphisa ukulimala kokubambisana-ukubhujiswa okungahle kwenzeke, okungalindelekile okwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlasela okusemthethweni okubhekiswe kulowo mgomo wezempi.
Imihlangano Ye-Geneva ka-1949
Eminye imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ye-LOAC ivela emibuthweni yaseGeneva ka-1949. Imihlangano yaseGeneva iqukethe izivumelwano ezine ezihlukene zomhlaba wonke. Lezi zinhloso zihlose ukuvikela abahlukumezi nabangewona amaqembu ekuhluphekeni okungadingekile okungenzeka balimala, bagula, baphuke umkhumbi noma ama-POW ngesikhathi sezinhlupho. Bafuna nokuvikela izakhamuzi nezakhiwo zangasese. Lezi zinhlelo ezine zilawula ukwelashwa kwamandla abalimele nabagulayo, ama-POWs , kanye nezakhamuzi phakathi nempi noma impini ehlomile.
Izimpikiswano
Imihlangano YeGeneva ihlukanisa phakathi kwamaqhawe asemthethweni, abangabambisani, kanye namabutho angemthetho.
Amaqhawe Asemthethweni. Umphikisi ovumelekile ngumuntu ogunyaziwe yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni noma i-LOAC ukuba uhlanganyele empi. Umphikisi ovumelekile angase abe ilungu lamandla ajwayelekile ahlomile noma amandla angavamile. Kunoma yikuphi, umphikisi ovumelekile kufanele alawulwe ngumuntu onesibopho sabangaphansi; zibeke izifanekiselo ezihlukile ezibonakala kude, njengejubane; ukuthwala izingalo ngokuvulekile, nokuqhuba imisebenzi yakhe yokulwa ngokusho kwe-LOAC.
I-LOAC isebenza kumabutho asemthethweni abamba iqhaza empini yezempi futhi inikeza imishanguzo yokuzivikela ngenxa yezenzo zabo ezisemthethweni zempi ngesikhathi sokulwa, ngaphandle kokuphulwa kwe-LOAC.
Ukungabambisani. Laba bantu abavunyelwe yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni noma i-LOAC ukuthi bahlanganyele empi. Empeleni, abahlanganyeli empi. Lesi sigaba sibandakanya izakhamizi ezihambisana namaPhoyisa; izikhali ezingabalwa, ezifana ne-POWs kanye nabalimele, kanye nezisebenzi ezithile ezempi ezingamalungu ezombutho ezihlomile ezingagunyaziwe ukuba zihlanganyele emisebenzini yokulwa, njengabasebenzi bezokwelapha nabafundi. Ukungabambisani kungenziwa into yokuhlaselwa ngqo. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi bahlukunyezwe noma bafe ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ngokuqondile ngenhloso yempi ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa okunjalo okwephula i-LOAC, uma ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kuhloswe ngokomthetho ngezindlela ezingokomthetho.
Izimpikiswano ezingemthetho. Izikhali ezingekho emthethweni ngabantu abahlanganyela ngokuqondile emibangweni ngaphandle kokugunyazwa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni noma ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba ukwenza kanjalo. Isibonelo, iziqhwaga eziphanga nokuphanga kanye nezakhamuzi ezihlasela umuntu ondiza phansi yizimpi ezingekho emthethweni. Abaqaphi abangemthetho ababandakanya izintambo baphula i-LOAC futhi babe yizinhloso ezivumelekile.
Bangase babulawe noma balimale futhi, uma bebanjwe, bangalingwa njengezigebengu zempi ngokuphulwa kwabo kwe-LOAC.
Isimo esingenqunyelwe. Ukungabaza kufanele kutholakale ukuthi umuntu ukhona yini umlwi ovumelekile, ongekho emthethweni, noma umphikisi ongekho emthethweni, lowo muntu uyokhuliswa ukuvikelwa kweGeneva Prisoner of War Convention kuze kube yilapho isimo sithathwa. Isizwe sokuthunjwa kufanele sivumelane nesigungu esinamandla ukuze sinqume isimo somuntu oboshiwe.
Izinjongo Zempi
I-LOAC ilawula ukuziphatha kwempi yendiza. Umgomo wesidingo sempi uvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwendiza emigomeni yempi esemthethweni. Izinhloso zamasosha yizo ezenziwa ngokwabo, indawo, injongo, noma ukusetshenziswa kwazo zenza umthelela ophumelelayo empilweni yesitha sezitha futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele noma okuyingxenye noma okuyingxenye ekhona ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kuthuthukisa izinhloso zempi ezifanele .
Abasebenzi ababhekele. I-LOAC ivikela abantu abahlali. Ukuhlaselwa kwezempi ngamadolobha, amadolobhana noma amadolobhana angafaneleki ngenxa yemfuneko yezempi ayenqatshelwe. Ukuhlasela abantu abangabambisani (ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi izakhamizi) ngenhloso yodwa yokubathuthukisa nakho kuvunyelwe. Nakuba izakhamizi zingeke zenziwe ngokuhlaselwa ngokuqondile, i-LOAC iyaqaphela ukuthi isisombululo sempi asidingeki singasindiswa ngoba ukubhujiswa kwayo kungabangela ukulimala kokubambisana okuholela ekufeni okungahlosiwe noma ekulimazeni abantu noma ekulimazeni impahla yabo.
Amakhomishana nabahleli bawo kumele bacabangele izinga lokubhujiswa okungabonakali okungaqondakali komphakathi kanye nokulimala okungenzeka okuyophumela ekuhlaselweni ngokuqondile emgomweni wezempi futhi, ngokulingana nesidingo sempi, bafuna ukugwema noma ukunciphisa ukulimala kwabantu kanye nokubhujiswa. Ukulindela ukulahlekelwa komphakathi kufanele kube ngokulingana nezinzuzo zempi ezifunwa. Abameli bejaji, ohlakaniphile, kanye nabasebenzi badlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukufaneleka kwesisulu kanye nokukhethwa kwezikhali okufanele zisetshenziswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezaziwayo kumlawuli uma zihlela ukuhlaselwa.
Izinto ezibhekiswe kuzo. I-LOAC ichaza ngokuqondile izinto ezingeke zibe yizinhloso zokuhlaselwa ngqo. Ukucabanga ukuthi umthetho wezempi kufanele uqondiswe ezinjongweni zempi, izinto ezivame ukuzinikezela ngezinjongo zokuthula zijabulela ukuzivikela okuvamile ngokuhlasela okuqondile.
Ukuvikelwa okucacile kusebenza ezinyunithi zempilo noma izikhungo; ukuthutha abasebenzi abalimele nabagulayo; imikhumbi yezempi kanye nezasemakhaya; izindawo zokuphepha ezisungulwe ngaphansi kwemihlangano yaseGeneva; nezakhiwo zezenkolo, ezamasiko, nezomusa, izikhumbuzo, kanye ne-POW. Kodwa-ke, uma lezi zinto zisetshenziselwa izinhloso zempi, zilahlekelwa ngumzimba.
Uma lezi zinto ezivikelwe zitholakala eduze kwezinhloso zempi ezisemthethweni (okuyinto i-LOAC ivimbela), zingase zibe nokulimala kokubambisana lapho izinhloso zempi eziseduze zithinteka ngokusemthethweni.
Izindiza nokulwa
I-Ademy Military Aircraft ne-Aircrew. Indiza yempi yezitha ingahle ihlaselwe futhi ibhujiswe noma ikuphi lapho itholakala khona, ngaphandle uma kungenasimo sezindiza. Ukuhlaselwa kwezindiza zempi yesitha kumele kuphekwe uma indiza ikhubazekile ngokucacile futhi ilahlekelwe izindlela zayo zokulwa. U-Airmen ongu-parachute ovela endizeni ekhubazekile futhi akanikezeli ukumelana angeke ahlaselwe. Abakwa-Airmen abaphikisayo emndenini noma bahlehla ngemuva kwemigqa yabo futhi abaqhubeka bekulwela bangase bahlaselwe ukuhlaselwa. Imithetho yokuzibandakanya (ROE) yenqubo ethile ivame ukuhlinzeka ngeziqondiso ezengeziwe ezihambisana nezibopho ze-LOAC zokuhlasela izindiza zesitha.
I-Adversary Aircraft Aircraft. Indiza yesibhamu esesidlangalaleni neyodwa yangasese engekho yempi ngokuvamile ayikho ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa ngoba i-LOAC ivimbela abangenalutho ngokuhlasela okuqondile. Kusukela nge-WWII, izizwe ziye zaqaphela ngokwengeziwe isidingo sokugwema ukuhlasela indiza yomphakathi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile, izindiza zomphakathi zingase zihlaselwe ngokomthetho. Uma izindiza zomphakathi ziqala ukuhlaselwa, kungase kuthathwe njengokusongelwa kwesosha masinyane futhi kuhlaselwe.
Isongo esisheshayo sempi sokuqinisekisa ukuhlasela kungase kube khona lapho ukusola okunengqondo kukhona ngenhloso enonya, njengalapho indiza enjalo isondela esitelekeni sezempi ngesivinini esikhulu noma ingena ensimini yesitha ngaphandle kwemvume futhi inganaki izibonakaliso noma izixwayiso zomhlaba noma iya endaweni ekhethiwe.
Izindiza Zezokwelapha Zezitha. Indiza yezokwelapha yezempi ngokuvamile ayihambisani nokuhlaselwa ngaphansi kwe-LOAC. Nokho, okungenani izimo eziyisithupha zingase ziholele ekuhlaselweni okusemthethweni. Izindiza zezokwelapha zesitha zingasolwa ngokusemthethweni futhi zibhujiswe uma:
- Iqala ukuhlaselwa.
- Akuqashiwe kuphela njengezindiza zezokwelapha.
- Ayithwali uphawu olucacile olubomvu, i-Red Crescent, noma elinye uphawu olubonwayo futhi alwaziwa ngokuthi yi-aircraft kuphela yezokwelapha.
- Awukwazi ukuhamba ezindaweni eziphakeme, ngezinye izikhathi, nangemigwaqo evunyelwene ngokukhethekile yizinhlangothi ezingqubuzanayo futhi aziwa ngokuthi yiyona indiza yezokwelapha kuphela.
- Izimpukane ngensimu yesitha noma insimu ethathwa yizitha (ngaphandle uma izingxenye ezivunyelwe ngenye indlela).
- Ihambela insimu yesitha sayo noma indawo yokulwa futhi inganaki amakhomishana ukuze afike emhlabeni.
Ukuqinisa imithetho ye-LOAC
Amalungu aseMpiya aphula umthetho we-LOAC anecala lokushushiswa nokujeziswa. Ukushushiswa kobugebengu kungenzeka enkundleni kazwelonke noma emazweni angaphandle. Ngokwemfundiso, ama-US Armed Forces angashushiswa yizinkantolo-ukulwa ngaphansi kwe-UCMJ noma ngokusebenzisa inkundla yezempi yamazwe ngamazwe, njengalawo asetshenziswa eNuremberg naseTokyo ngemuva kweWWII noma eYugoslavia naseRwanda. Ukuzivikela, "Ngangilandela imiyalo kuphela," ngokuvamile akuzange yamukelwe yizinkantolo zikazwelonke noma zamazwe ngamazwe njengesivikelo ekulingweni kobugebengu bezempi.
Umuntu ohamba ngezindiza / isosha / umkhumbi womkhumbi / umkhumbi wemanzini obhekene nezenzo zakhe futhi kulindeleke ukuba ahambisane ne-LOAC.
Kusobala. Ukushushisa i-LOAC ukwephula kungenzeki noma kungenzeki uma isitha esihlukumeza i-LOAC sisaqhubeka sihlanganyela empini. Kodwa-ke, ayikho isimiso sokulinganiselwa ekubhekaneni nobugebengu bempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LOAC ivumela abahlukumezi ukuthi bahlanganyele ezenzweni zokuhlambalaza ukuphoqelela ukulandelwa kwamandla esitha nesimiso se-LOAC. Ukugxeka kuyisenzo ekuphenduleni ukwephulwa kwe-LOAC. Isenzo sokuhlambalaza sasingavunyelwe uma kungenjalo ngesenzo esingekho emthethweni sesitha. Isenzo esisemthethweni sokuhlambalaza asinakuba yisisekelo sokuphikisana. Ukuphindaphindiwe kuvinjelwe njalo uma kuqondiswa ngokumelene nama-POWs; abantu abalimele, abagulayo, noma abaphehliwe emkhunjini olwandle; abantu abahlali kanye nempahla yabo; noma impahla yenkolo noma yamasiko. Ukuze kuvunyelwe umthetho, ukuphindwa kufanele:
- Ngesikhathi esifanele siphendule emangcwabeni futhi ngokucacile (ngokucacile) izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.
- Yiba ngenhloso yokuphoqelela isitha ukuba sigcine i-LOAC hhayi ukuphindiselela, noma ukujezisa.
- Nikeza isaziso esizwakalayo sokuthi ukuphindwa kuzothathwa.
- Uke waba nezinye izindlela ezizwakalayo azame ukuvikela ukulandelwa.
- Ukuqondiswa ngokumelene nabasebenzi noma impahla yesitha.
- Yenza ngokulingana nokuphulwa kwangempela.
- Memezelwe.
- Ukugunyazwa yiziphathimandla zikazwelonke ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lezombangazwe. NguMongameli we-United States kuphela, njengoMongameli oyiNhloko, ongagunyaza amabutho ase-US ukuba athathe isenzo esinjalo.
I-ROE (Imithetho Yokuzibandakanya)
Abalawuli abanekhono, abaphathi bezempi abajwayele ukulwa, emva kokubuyekezwa kwe-JCS nokuvunywa, bakhiphe i-ROE. I-ROE ichaza izimo nokulinganiselwa ngaphansi kwamandla azoqala noma aqhubeke nokulwa. Ngokujwayelekile, ama-oda wokukhipha (EXORD), izinhlelo zokusebenza (OPLAN), nemisebenzi yokusebenza (OPORD) iqukethe i-ROE. I-ROE iqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ekusebenzeni kwenzeka ngokuhambisana nezinhloso zomgomo kazwelonke, izidingo zomsebenzi kanye nokubusa komthetho. Ngokuvamile, i-ROE ihlinzeka uhlelo oluthe xaxa lwezimiso ze-LOAC ezihambisana nesimo sezombangazwe nezempi somsebenzi. I-ROE ibeke imingcele yelungelo le-airman lokuzivikela. Wonke ama-airmen anomsebenzi kanye nesibopho esingokomthetho sokuqonda, ukukhumbula, nokusebenzisa i-mission ROE. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezempi, i-LOAC kanye ne-ROE eqondiswe ngokukhethekile inikeza isiqondiso ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla. Imithetho yokuma yokubambisana (i-SROE) ye-CJCS inikeza abalawuli ukuqondisa ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla ekuzivikeleni ngokumelene nesenzo esibi noma inhloso enenzondo.
I-SROE ayikhawuli ilungelo lomuntu ongenalo ilungelo lokusebenzisa zonke izindlela ezidingekayo futhi ezifanele ukuzivikela komuntu siqu noma kuyunithi. Ezinye izici eziyisisekelo ezisuselwa ku-SROE zilandela:
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ekuzivikeleni kufanele kudingekile futhi kunciphise inani elidingekayo lokuqeda usongo nokulawula isimo.
- Amandla okubulala kufanele asetshenziswe kuphela ekuphenduleni isenzo esinenzondo noma ukubonakaliswa kwenhloso enonya. Impi ebulalayo ichazwa njengamandla okubangela noma abe nobungozi obukhulu bokubangela ukufa noma ukulimala ngokomzimba.
- Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana ne-ROE kungase kujeziswe ngaphansi kwe-UCMJ.
- Imibuzo ye-ROE kanye nokukhathazeka kufanele kuphakanyiswe ngokushesha uphiko lomyalo wokuxazulula.
Ngolwazi oluvela ku-AFPAM36-2241V1