Izisekelo ze-United States Military (Wonke amagatsha)
Isakhiwo sethu samanje sezempi siwumphumela we-National Security Act ka-1947. Lesi yisenzo esifanayo esakha i-United States Air Force, futhi sahlela kabusha "uMnyango Wezempi" kuMnyango Wezokuvikela.
UMnyango Wezokuvikela
UMnyango Wezokuvikela uholwa ngumphakathi; uNobhala Wezokuvikela, oqokwe nguMongameli we-United States futhi avunywe yiSenate.
Ngaphansi kukaNobhala Wezokuvikela, kuneminyango emithathu yempi: uMnyango Wezempi, uMnyango Wezempi Yomoya, noMnyango Wezempi. Ngayinye yale minyango yempi nayo iphakanyiswa yizizwe; UNobhala Wezempi, uNobhala We-Air Force, kanye noNobhala We-Navy. Laba "bhala" benqunywe nguMongameli.
Kunezinhlamvu ezinhlanu zempi: I-Army, Air Force, Navy, i-Marine Corps, ne-Coast Guard. I-Army iyalwe ngumphathi jikelele wezinkanyezi, owaziwa njenge-Army Chief of Staff. I-Chief of Staff Staff ibika uNobhala Wezempi (ngezindaba eziningi). Ilungu lezempi eliphezulu e-Air Force liyi-Chief Force of Staff. Lezi zinkanyezi ezine ezinezinkanyezi zibika (ngezindaba eziningi) kuNobhala we-Air Force. I-Navy iyalwe yi-admiral enezinkanyezi ezine, ebizwa ngokuthi uMqondisi wezokuSebenza. I-Marines iyalwe ngumphathi wesine-4 obizwa ngokuthi uMlawuli we-Marine Corps .
Kokubili uMqondisi wezokuPhepha kweMikhumbi kanye nombiko we-Marine Corps Commandant (ngezindaba eziningi) kuNobhala weNavy. Ngakho yebo, i-Marine Corps iyingxenye yeNavy.
Lezi zine " izikhulu zefulege " nazo zakha iqembu elibizwa ngokuthi i-Joint Chiefs of Staff (JSC). I-Chiefs of Staff Joint ihlanganisa amaKhomishana amane aseNsizakalo, iVice-Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Joint, kanye noSihlalo weNhloko yabaSebenzi abaSebenzi.
USihlalo ukhethwe nguMongameli futhi avunywe yiSenate (njengamanye amahhovisi ajwayelekile kanye nezikhulu ze-flag). Mayelana nezindaba zokusebenza (njengempi noma impikiswano), i-JCS i-idlulisa abalobi bezinsizakalo ngabanye futhi ibike ngqo kuNobhala Wezokuvikela kanye noMongameli.
Imisebenzi yamagatsha amahlanu eMpi
Amasosha
I-Army yase-United States iyinhloko esemandleni e-United States. Umsebenzi omkhulu we-Army ukuvikela nokuvikela i-United States (kanye nezithakazelo zayo) ngendlela yamabutho asemhlabathini, izikhali (amathangi), izikhali, izindiza ze-helicopter, izikhali zenuzi, njll. I-Army iyona isevisi yezempi yase-US endala, eyasungulwa ngokomthetho yi-Congress Continental ngoJuni 14, 1775. I-Army nayo iyona isevisi enkulu kunazo zonke e-US Military Service. I-Army ixhaswa yi-Two Forces Forces okuyinto ingathengiselwa abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kanye nemishini ngenkathi yezidingo: I-Army Reserves, ne-Army National Guard. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalaba ababili ukuthi i-Reserves "inomnikazi" futhi ilawulwa uhulumeni wesifundazwe, futhi isifunda ngasinye "sinomnikazi" sikaMgcini kaZwelonke. Kodwa-ke, uMongameli we-United States noma uNobhala wezokuVikela angenza "kusebenze" amalungu e-National Guard amalungu eHulumeni wezempi eHulumeni ngesikhathi sezidingo.
Inani labasebenzi abasebenzayo: 471,000.
Air Force
I-Air Force yinkampani encane kunazo zonke ezempi. Ngaphambi kuka-1947, i-Air Force yayiyi-Corps ye-Army ehlukile. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Army Air Corps kwakuwukusekela amabutho aseMhlabathini. Kodwa-ke, iMpi Yezwe II yabonisa ukuthi amandla emimoya ayenamandla amaningi kunokuba nje asekele amabutho empi, ngakho-ke uMbutho Wezempi wasungulwa njengenkonzo ehlukile. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-Air Force ukuvikela i-United States (kanye nezithakazelo zayo) ngokuxhaphazwa komoya nomklamo. Ukufeza le mishini, i-Air Force isebenza ngezindiza zempi, indiza yendiza, izindiza ezinobuluzi nezindayo, izindiza zokuthutha, nezindiza zezindiza (ezisetshenziselwa ukukhulula ukuqhuma umoya, nokusebenza okukhethekile). I-Air Force nayo ibhekene nawo wonke ama-satellite ezempi futhi ilawula yonke imicibisholo yesizwe yethu ye-nuclear nyukliya.
Njengombutho wezempi, umsebenzi osebenzayo we-Air Force uphasiswa yi- Air Force Reserves , kanye ne- Air National Guard . Inani labasebenzi abasebenza: 322,000.
I-Navy
Njengombutho wezempi, iNavy yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni yi-Continental Congress ngo-1775. Umsebenzi omkhulu weNavy ukugcina inkululeko yolwandle. I-Navy yenza kube lula ukuthi i-United States isebenzise ulwandle lapho izifiso zethu zikazwelonke zifuna khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezikhathi zokuxabana, i-Navy isiza ukufaka amandla amandla emoyeni emoyeni. Izithunywa zezindiza ze-Navy zivame ukudlulisela ezindaweni lapho kungenakwenzeka khona. I-carrier yezindiza ngokuvamile ithwala izindiza ezingaba ngu-80. Iningi lalaba basebenzi bezempi noma amabhomu. Ukwengeza, imikhumbi ye-Navy ingahlasela izinhloso zomhlaba kusuka ngamamayela kude (ngezibhamu ezinzima kakhulu), kanye nemikhosi yokuhamba. I-Navy submarines (ukuhlaselwa okusheshayo kanye ne-ballistic missile subs) kuvumela ukuhlaselwa kwe-stealth ezitheni zethu ukusuka ekudleni. I-Navy nayo ibhekele ngokuyinhloko ukuthutha amaMarine ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo. Umsebenzi osebenzayo we-Navy unamaphoyisa angama-54,000, nabasebenzi abangu-324,000 ababhalisiwe. I-Navy isekelwe ezikhathini zesidingo yi-Naval Reserves. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani ne-Army kanye ne-Air Force, akekho i-Naval National Guard (nakuba kunezimbalwa ezimbalwa ezakhe "i-Naval Militias.")
Inani labasebenzi abasebenza: 324,000
I-Marine Corps
AmaMarine ngokukhethekile ekusebenziseni amphibious. Ngamanye amazwi, ukukhethekile kwabo okuyinhloko ukushaya, ukubamba, nokulawula "amakhanda asebhishi," abese anikeza umzila wokuhlasela isitha cishe kunoma iyiphi indlela. I-Marines yasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-10 Novemba 1775 yi-Continental Congress ukuba isebenze njengamandla okufika e-United States Navy. Ngo-1798, Nokho, iCongress yasungula iMarine Corps njengenkonzo ehlukile. Ngenkathi imisebenzi ephikisanayo yinto ekhethekile yokuyikhetha, eminyakeni yamuva, iMarines isandise ezinye izinhlelo zokulwa, okufanayo. Ngokuvamile amaMarines abe "amandla okukhanya" uma eqhathaniswa ne-Army, ngakho-ke angakwazi ukuthunyelwa masinyane (nanobe i-Army iye yaqhuba kakhulu "ukuthunyelwa ngokushesha" eminyakeni embalwa edlule). Ukusebenza kwempi, amaMarines afana nokuzithela ngokwanele ngakho-ke nawo anamandla awo emoyeni, ahlanganisa ngokuyinhloko yezindiza ze-fighter / fighter / ibhomu kanye nezindiza ze-helicopter ezihlasela. Noma kunjalo, amaMarines asebenzisa i-Navy ngenxa yokwesekwa kwabo okuningi nokuphatha. Isibonelo, azikho odokotela, abahlengikazi, noma ama-medically abhalisiwe ku-Marine Corps. Ngisho nemithi ehambisana namaMarines empini yizindondo ze-Navy eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile.
Inani labasebenzi elisebenzayo: 184,000
Ingqikithi yabasebenzi base-2017: izigidi ezingu-1.4 eziyimisebenzi esebenzayo i-Army, i-Navy, Air Force, i-Marines
I-Coast Guard
I-United States Guard yase-United States yasungulwa ekuqaleni njengeNkonzo Yokwehlukanisa Imali Ngo-1790. Ngo-1915, yaguqulwa njenge- United States Coast Guard , ngaphansi koMnyango Wezezimali. Ngo-1967, i-Guard Guard yathunyelwa eMnyangweni wezokuThutha. Umthetho odluliselwa ngo-2002 wadlulisela i-Guard Guard kuya eMnyangweni wezokuPhepha koMakhaya. Ngesikhathi sokuthula, i-Coast Guard igxile kakhulu ekulawulweni komthetho, ukuphepha emkhunjini, ukukhululwa kolwandle, kanye nokulawulwa kwamanye amazwe okungekho emthethweni. Kodwa-ke, uMongameli we-United States angadlulisela ingxenye noma yonke i-Coast Guard eMnyangweni weNavy ngezikhathi zengxabano. I-Coast Guard iqukethe imikhumbi, izikebhe, izindiza kanye nezindawo zokudoba ezenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. I-Coast Guard iyona insizakalo encane kunazo zonke ezempi, enezikhulu ezingaba ngu-7 000 nabangu-29 000 ababhalise emsebenzini. I-Coast Guard iphinde isekelwe yi-Coast Guard Reserves, futhi isisebenzi sokuvolontiya esithi "Coast Guard Auxiliary" ngezikhathi zokudinga.
I-Coast Guard ibhekwa njengomsebenzi wezempi, ngoba, ngesikhathi sokulwa noma impikiswano, uMongameli we-United States angadlulisa noma yikuphi noma zonke izimpahla ze-Coast Guard ukuya eMnyangweni weNavy. Eqinisweni, lokhu kwenziwa cishe zonke izingxabano ezenziwa yi-United States. I-Coast Guard iyalwa yi-admiral e-4, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Coast Guard Commandant.
Inani labasebenzi abasebenzayo: 36,000, kodwa nge-Reserves (7,000) nosizo (29,000)
Abasebenzi ababhalisiwe
Amalungu abhalisiwe "yi-backbone" yezempi. Benza imisebenzi eyinhloko okudingeka yenziwe. Amalungu abhalisiwe "abachwepheshe." Baqeqeshwe ukwenza okhethekile emasosha. Njengoba abasebenzi ababhalisiwe baqhubekela phezulu (kukhona izinhlu ezilishumi ezibhalisiwe), bacabanga ukuthi banomthwalo wemfanelo obengeziwe, futhi banikeza ukuqondiswa okuqondile kwabangaphansi kwabo.
Abasebenzi ababhalisiwe emazingeni athile banesimo esikhethekile. E-Army, Air Force, naseMarine Corps, lesi simo siyaziwa ngokuthi "Isimo Sesikhulu Esingaxhunywanga , noma" I-NCO. "Ku-Navy nase-Coast Guard, labo abathintekayo baziwa ngokuthi" Izikhulu Ezimbalwa. "E-Marine Corps, isimo se-NCO iqala ebangeni le-E-4 (i-Corporal).
E-Army and Air Force, abasebenzi ababhalisile emazingeni e-E-5 nge-E-9 yi-NCOs. Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-Army E-4 aphakanyiswa kamuva ukuba abe "corporal" futhi abhekwa njenge-NCOs.
Futhi e-Army and Air Force, abasebenzi emabangeni e-E-7 kuya ku-E-9 baziwa ngokuthi "ama-NCO aphezulu."
E-Marine Corps, labo abamabanga e-E-6 nge-E-9 baziwa ngokuthi "ama-NCO abasebenzi."
Esigodini seMavy / Coast Coast, amaPhoyisa aPhesenti angama-grade E-4 nge-E-9. Labo emabangeni e-E-7 kuya ku-E-9 baziwa ngokuthi "Amaphoyisa Amakhulu Amakhulu."
I-Warrant Officers
I-Warrant Officers yizinhloli eziqeqeshwe kakhulu kakhulu. Yilapho ihluke khona kwezikhulu ezithunyelwe. Ngokungafani nezikhulu ezithunyelwe, izikhulu zokugunyaza zihlala ezikhethekile ekuhlinzekeni ulwazi olukhethekile, imfundo, kanye nobuholi kumalungu abhalisiwe kanye nezikhulu ezithunyelwe ngokufanayo.
Ngaphandle kokunciphisa okuncane, umuntu kumele abe ilunga elibhalisiwe elinemininingwane eminingana, eliphakanyiswe ngumlawuli walo, futhi udlulise ibhodi lokukhetha ukuze ube yisikhulu se-warrant. I-Air Force yile nkonzo kuphela engenazo izikhulu zemvume. I-Air Force yashiya isikhundla sayo se-warrant lapho iCongress yenza ama-E-8 no-E-9 ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-60. Ezinye izinsizakalo ezakhelwe ukugcina ama-warrant, futhi zishintshe ukugcizelela inqubo yokukhuthazwa ye-E-7s ohlelweni olukhethiwe kakhulu lwezochwepheshe abanekhono eliphezulu. Kunezinhlu eziyisihlanu zemvume ezihlukile. I-Warrant Officers ngaphandle kwabo bonke babhalisela amalungu.
Amaphoyisa aphethwe
Amaphoyisa aphethwe yizona "zethusi eliphezulu." Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuhlinzeka ngokuphathwa jikelele nobuholi endaweni yabo yomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngokungafani namalungu abhalisiwe nezikhulu ze-warrant, izikhulu ezithunyelwe azisebenzi ngokukhethekile (ngezinye izinto ezifana nabashayeli bezindiza, odokotela, abahlengikazi nabameli). Ake sithathe isibonelo, i- infantry officer . Ilungu elifakwe ohlwini legatsha le- Infantry lizoba nekhethelo elithile lezinsana, njenge-infantryman ( MOS 11B ), noma umshayeli womntwana ongabonakali (11C). Ngaphandle kokuba ilunga elibhalisiwe lihlehlise, uzohlala u-11B noma u-11C emsebenzini wakhe. Kodwa-ke, lesi sikhulu sikhethwe ku "Ithimba le-Infantry." Angase aqale umsebenzi wakhe ekuphatheni i-platoon encane, futhi angase aqhubekele phambili ukuba abe ngumphathi we-platoon, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emsebenzini wakhe angase aqhubekele ukuba abe umlawuli wamakhamphani, eyala izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabutho ezindizayo. Njengoba ehamba phezulu, uthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa ezindaweni ezahlukene zegatsha lakhe, futhi unesibopho sokuyala amasosha amaningi. Konke lokhu kunenhloso eyinhloko (ekugcineni) eyenza isiphathimandla esinolwazi olukwazi ukulawula lonke ibetali noma ukuhlukana.
AmaPhoyisa aKhomishane kumele abe nenani eliphansi le-bachelor's degree of years. Njengoba behamba phambili, uma befuna ukukhuthazwa, kuzodingeka bathole i-masters degree. Amaphoyisa aKhomishane athunyelwe ngezinhlelo ezithile zokuthumelela, njengenye yezemfundo zezempi ( West Point , i-Naval Academy, i- Air Force Academy , iCape Guard Academy), i-ROTC (i-Reserve Officer Training Corps, noma i-OCS (iSikhulu EsiPhathelene Nezikhulu), okuthiwa yi-OTS ( Isikole Sokuqeqesha Isikole) se-Air Force.
Kukhona futhi "izinhlobo" eziyisisekelo zezikhulu ezithunyelwe: Ulayini no-Non-Line. Isikhulu se-Non-line singumchwepheshe ongeyena wokulwa okubandakanya izikhulu zezokwelapha (odokotela nabahlengikazi), abameli kanye nabafundisi. Amaphoyisa angekho Amandla awakwazi ukuyala amabutho ekulweni njengoba beyizintatheli futhi abe nemisebenzi ehlukene nemithwalo yemfanelo.
Isiphetho / Ukuqhathaniswa Neziprofeshini Zomabhizinisi
Cabanga ngelungu elibhalisiwe njengezisebenzi enkampanini yombuso. Ababhalisiwe yibo abasebenza ngezandla bese benza lo msebenzi. Phakathi "neqembu labasebenzi," i-NCOs (i-Army, Air Force, ne-Marines) kanye namaPhoyisa aPhansi (i-Navy ne-Coast Guard) yibaphathi. Benza lo msebenzi, kodwa futhi banikeza ukuqondisa ngqo kwabanye abasebenzi. Ama-NCO aphezulu (i-Army Air Force kanye namaMarines) kanye namaPhoyisa aPhezulu aPhezulu (i-Navy ne-Coast Guard) abasizi abaphathi abaye baphuma phakathi kweqembu. Bawusizo njengabaphathi ngenxa yeminyaka yabo eminingi, kodwa abasoze bakwenza eBhodini Labaqondisi. Amaphoyisa aphethwe yibo abaphathi benkampani. Zinezindawo ezibanzi zomthwalo wokuphatha, inhlangano, nokusebenza kahle kweminyango ehlukahlukene ye-corporation. Izikhulu eziphezulu ezithunyelwe (izikhulu kanye nezimemezelo) yibhodi labaqondisi. I-Warrant Officers ingacatshangwa njengabachwepheshe bezobuchwephesha abaye baqasha inkampani ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekile kakhulu.