Woza ubone ukuthi umbono wase-US ulingani ngokobulili
Ekhasini eliyinhloko le-symposium, izifundiswa ezintathu zathi kwakukhona ushintsho oluphuthumayo emisebenzini yobulili kusukela ngo-1968 ukuya ngawo-1980, kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi abesifazane baye babona intuthuko encane emakethe yezabasebenzi, izinkampani zokuphatha futhi bakhokhela ukulingana. Ngo-2012 i-CCF ibike ukuthi ukunyakaza okuqhubeka phambili kuye kwashintsha kancane, ngokusho kukaDavid A. Cotter, uprofesa kanye nosihlalo wezenhlalakahle e-Union College; UJoan M. Hermsen, uprofesa ohlangene wezenhlalakahle e-University of Missouri; futhi uReeve Vanneman, uprofesa wezenhlalakahle e-University of Maryland. Lokhu kutholakala lapho izinombolo zifakwe ezimpendulo ezirekhodiwe kusuka ku-2000-2010.
"Asazi ukuthi kuzoba nentuthuko entsha esikhathini esizayo, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi kubonakala ukuthi nakuba ukuguqulwa kobulili kungazange kuguqulwe, kugcizelelwe emigqeni eminingi - futhi kusekhona indlela ende yokuhamba, "babhala.
Kwabe sekuphele iminyaka emibili ngo-2014 futhi ngonyaka wezi-2015 abaprofesa bathola ukuthi kusukela ngo-2006 ukusekelwa kokulingana ngokobulili kwaqala ukuphakama.
Umbiko wabo we-2014 wathi,
"Nakuba ukusekelwa okuphezulu kakhulu kobulili kutholakala phakathi kwaminyaka eyizinkulungwane, amadoda nabesifazane beminyaka yonke, abakhululekile kanye nabasebenzi abaye baqhubeka nokuziphendulela, baye bahlaziya kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 kuya ngasekuqaleni kuka-2000. Empeleni, abaqashile babonise ukwanda okukhulu ukusekela ukulingana ngokobulili kunezinkululeko, nakuba amazinga abo okusekela ahlala ephansi. "
AmaMama asebenzayo ayamukelwa manje kunanini ngaphambili
Indawo ecacile emaphephandabeni ohlangothini iphathelene nokwamukelwa komama osebenzayo. Kunoma yimuphi umama osebenzayo oye wakhuthazelela amazwana amabi ngokushiya izingane zakhe noma kunzima ukulinganisela umsebenzi nomuzi, funda.
Abalobi abathathu baphawula ukuthi imibuzo emibili ye-General Society Survey mayelana nomphumela wabomama abasebenza ezinganeni bathola ukwesekwa okukhulayo kwabomama abasebenzayo phakathi nawo-1970 kuya ngawo-1980, kodwa kwaze kwaba yilapho kuncipha ekupheleni kwawo-1990. "Ngo-1977, abangaphezu kwesigamu sabasolwa babe nomuzwa wokuthi omama basebenza beyingozi ezinganeni. Ngo-1994 lelo phesenti liye lawela ngamaphesenti angu-30, kodwa ngo-2000 lase libuyele emuva kwamaphesenti angu-38," kubhala.
"Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, kwaba nesibhamu eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21, ngokuvunyelwa kwabomama abasebenzayo abafinyelela emisha ephakeme. Ngo-2010, amaphesenti angama-72 aseMelika avuma ukuthi 'umama osebenzayo angakwazi ukusungula nje ubudlelwane nabantwana bakhe njengomama ongasebenzi, "kanti amaphesenti angu-65 athi izingane zasenkulisa ayengeke zihlupheke uma umama esebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya.
Emuva ngo-1977, abantu baseMelika babuzwa ukuthi, 'Kungcono kakhulu kubo bonke abathintekayo uma le ndoda [beyiyo] ehamba ngaphandle kwendlu futhi owesifazane [ethatha ikhaya] nomndeni ,' amaphesenti angama-66 aseMelika avuma futhi amaphesenti angu-34 kuphela angavumelani.
"Lezi zipesenti zishintshwe ngo-1994, kanti amaphesenti angama-34 kuphela avuma ukuthi amalungiselelo omshado wendabuko abe ngcono futhi amaphesenti angu-66 awavumelani," kubhala abalobi. Khona-ke ngo-2000, iphesenti engavumelani nayo yawela kumaphesenti angama-60, yafakwa ngamaphesenti angama-64 ngo-2010, kodwa, futhi nansi izindaba ezinhle, impendulo yahlasela sonke isikhathi esiphakeme ngamaphesenti angu-68 ngo-2012 {whoot !!}.
Kunesizathu se-Pay Gap
Isitayela esikhulu sibhekene nezindima ezilinganayo zobulili. "Uma sibheka umehluko phakathi kuka-1950 nanamuhla, kungase kubonakale sengathi siphezu kwezinguquko eziqhubekayo nezingaphendukiyo emisebenzini yobulili nobuhlobo," kubhala abalobi.
"Ngo-1950, abesifazane abangaphansi kwamaphesenti angaba ngu-30 basebenze ngaphandle komuzi, kanti owesifazane ojwayelekile osebenza isikhathi esigcwele unyaka wonke wathola amathayi angu-59 kuphela kuwo wonke amadola azuzwa amadoda.
"Nakuba inkokhelo yehora eliphakathi kwamaphesenti angu-35 nangaphansi manje ingamaphesenti angama-93 omlingani wabo wesilisa, igebe lokukhokha phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane asebekhulile kunezingu-35-labo abasengashadile futhi babe nezingane - bahlala bekhulu."
Umbiko we-CCF ka-2014, ngu-Youngjoo Cha, Ph.D., uprofesa e-Indiana University, uthi isizathu sokuba izinkampani zizuze labo abasebenza amahora angaphezu kwama-50 ngesonto. Ukusebenza ngokweqile ngale ndlela kunzima kumama osebenzayo ngoba ngokuvamile banemithwalo yemfanelo yomkhaya.
Ucwaningo luqhubeka luthi lokhu, " umphumela wokusebenza ngokweqile ubeka amaphesenti angu-10 egebe lomholo wezobulili, okwenqabela umphumela wokulingana wezinzuzo zezemfundo zabesifazane kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 . Okunye okushiwo ingxabano yakhe, kusho uCoontz, ukuthi" Uma abaqashi beqhubeka ukupholisa abasebenzi abangazange babeke umsebenzi ngaphezu kwempilo yomndeni, ukusekelwa komphakathi kokuhlanganisa umsebenzi nomndeni kungase kuphinde kuwile. "
Bheka izindima zobulili eMakethe yeMisebenzi
Ukubheka ngokujulile abasebenzi baseMelika, umehluko emisebenzini yobulili isengabonakala ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa bakhetha ukubamba iqhaza ezimakethe zabasebenzi. Kusukela kuma-1960 kuya ngawo-1980, abesifazane abaningana bangena emisebenzini yabasebenzi, ngokubamba iqhaza kwaphuma ngamaphesenti angu-44 ngo-1962 kuya kuma-74% ngonyaka ka-1990. Kodwa-ke inqubekela phambili yaba yilezi-1990 futhi yavinjelwa ngonyaka ka-2000, ikhuphuka ngamaphesenti angama-78 kuphela 2000 futhi ibuyele emuva kumaphesenti angu-76 ngo-2010.
Eminyakeni yamuva, abesifazane abahambanga phambili njengoba amadoda ewela ngemuva. "Ukuguqulwa okusheshayo kunazo zonke phakathi kwabasebenzi besifazane nabesilisa kubandakanyeka phakathi kuka-1962 no-1990, futhi iningi labantu ababesilisa nabesifazane kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000 akuzange kubangelwe ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo ekubambeni kwabasebenzi besifazane kodwa ngokuqhubekayo ukwehla kokubambisana kwabasebenzi, okuye kwawa ngamaphesenti angu-97 ngo-1962 kuya kuma-89 amaphesenti ngo-2010, "kubhala uCotter, uHermsen noVaneman.
Izindleko zobulili nemisebenzi esiyikhethayo
Ngibheka umehluko emisebenzini amadoda nabesifazane abakhethayo, abalobi bathole ukuvala igebe ngawo-1960, 70 no-80. "Nalapha, nokho, ukuhamba kwezinga lokushintsha kwancipha kakhulu ema-1990 nakubo bonke kodwa kwaphela esikhathini esivela ku-2000-2010," babhala. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ukuthi ingilazi ye-glass in America yasezinkampani, uthola "phakathi kwabaphathi, ukumelelwa kwabesifazane kwande cishe ngamaphesenti angu-100 ngonyaka ngonyaka wama-1970 nangama-1980, kodwa ngamanani amaphesenti amathathu kuphela eminyaka eyishumi yeminyaka yawo-1990 amabili kuphela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21. "
Uma ubheka ushintsho lwezinsizakalo zobulili emisebenzini, iningi lentuthuko lenziwe emisebenzini yezinga eliphezulu. "Ukusebenza kwamakilasi kusebenza njengamanje njengoba kwakunjalo ngo-1950 futhi sekuhlukane ngokwengeziwe kusukela ngo-1990," kusho.
"Iphethini elifanayo lingabonakala embonini ye-ekors yase-ekolishi - inqubekela phambili ngokushesha ema-1970, bese ihlehliswa ngemuva kweminyaka engama-1980. Kwezinye izindawo, abesifazane baye balahlekelwa phansi kusukela maphakathi nawo-1980," kubhala abalobi. Abesifazane bathola amaphesenti angu-14 kuphela e-computer ne-science science degrees ngonyaka ka-1970. Isabelo sabesifazane sasenyuke cishe kathathu, kwafika ngamaphesenti angu-37 ngo-1985. "Kodwa ngonyaka ka-2008 abesifazane babenezicucu ezingu-18 kuphela ensimini."
Imibiko eminingi ethi i-CCF iyenzile inento eyodwa efana nayo. Umgwaqo wokulingana ngokobulili uzoba yisikhathi eside futhi ngeke nje kwenzeke ngokuzumayo. Kunezici eziningi kakhulu okufanele uzicabangele futhi izinqubomgomo zizoshintsha kancane kancane, futhi izakhiwo ezintsha zokusekela zizophuthuma ukuguquka (njengokunakekelwa kwengane enkulu). Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kukhona ukunyuka okuqhubekayo futhi kukhona ithemba lokuthi ngolunye usuku ukulingana ngokobulili kuzokwenzeka.
Kubuyekezwe ngu-Elizabeth McGrory