UDkt. Leonard Wong, uprofesa ocwaningayo ocwaningweni e-US Army War College sika-Strategic Studies Institute uthe iphephandaba elithi " Kungani Balwa: Ukuphikisana Kwezempi e-Iraq " kwaqinisekisa inkolelo evamile yokuthi ukuhlanganisana kweyunithi kuyindaba ebalulekile emasosheni ashukumisayo ukuba alwe. Kodwa, leli phephandaba laveza "ulwazi olumangalisa ngokuthanda izwe".
Ekuqaleni, lo mbuzo wasukuma isifundo se-"American Soldier" esasikhululwa ngo-1949, sabika umbuzo wesosha wezwe womhlaba wezempi ngokubhekene nempi.
Ukulwa nabanqamuli ababuya empini kaningi bathi baqhubeka belwa ukuze "bathole impi ukuze bahambe ekhaya. Isimpendulo sesibili esivame kakhulu futhi isisusa esiyinhloko sokulwa, kodwa, sibhekiswe ezinkambeni ezinamandla ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sokulwa, "kusho uStouffer.
Iziphetho zikaStouffer zisekela isazi-mlando uSLA Marshall sika "Men Against Fire" ekhishwe ngo-1942.
"Ngikubheka njengamaqiniso alula kakhulu empini ukuthi into eyenza isosha elithandayo ukuba liqhubeke nezikhali zakhe yukuba khona okufuze noma ukuba khona komuntu ozohlala naye ... Uqiniswa yibo kanye naye ngezikhali zakhe okwesibili . "
Okunye iphepha eliphenywe ngu-Edward A. Shils no-Morris Janowitz libonisa ngokumangalisayo imiphumela efanayo emasosha aseJalimane ase-Wehrmacht alwa ngisho naseBerlin.
Kusukela lawa maphepha, isifiso sokuthi "ungayeki umngane wakho" kuye kwaba ukuhlakanipha okuvamile ukuthi kungani amasosha elwa.
Ingabe ngempela imayelana nokusebenzisana?
"Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwabuza lokhu kuhlakanipha kwendabuko," kusho uWong.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokusebenza okukhulu kwempi kuphele ngo-1 Meyi, i-Wong nabacwaningi beqembu abavela e-War College bafika e-Iraq ukuze bazibonele ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kwendabuko kuqhubeka yini.
Ithimba laya enkundleni yezobucwaningi ngoba befuna ukukhuluma namasosha ngenkathi izenzakalo zasezingqondweni ezintsha.
Ithimba licele amasosha umbuzo ofanayo noSouffer wacela amasosha ekufundeni kwakhe ngo-1949 - "Ngokuvamile, ekuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kokulwa, yini ebaluleke kakhulu kuwe ukwenza ukuthi ufuna ukuqhubeka nokukwenza njengoba wenza."
Amasosha aseMelika e-Iraq aphendule ngokufanayo nokhokho bawo ngokufuna ukubuyela ekhaya, kodwa impendulo evame kakhulu eyanikezwa isisusa sokulwa "yayikulwela abafowethu," kusho umbiko weWong.
Lo mbiko wathola izindima ezimbili zokuhlangana komphakathi ekulwa.
Indima eyodwa ukuthi isosha ngalinye libhekene nokuphumelela kweqembu futhi livikela i-unit ekulimazeni. Njengoba isosha elilodwa lisho, "Lowo muntu usho okuningi kuwe kunanoma ubani. Uzofa uma efa. Yingakho ngicabanga ukuthi sivikeleka kunoma yisiphi isimo. Ngiyazi ukuthi uma efa, futhi bekuyisiphambeko sami, bekuyoba kubi kakhulu kunokufa kimi. "
Enye indima inikeza ukuqiniseka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ubukele emuva. Kwamanye amazwi omntanami, "Kumelwe uthembele kubo kunomama wakho, uyihlo, noma intombi, noma umkakho, noma omunye umuntu. Kuba cishe njengengelosi yakho yokuqapha. "
Uma amasosha eqiniseka ukuthi ukuphepha kwabo kuzoqinisekiswa ngabanye, banikezwe amandla okwenza umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka, isifundo sathi. Iphawula ukuthi amasosha aqonda ngokuphelele ukuphepha kwawo angabhekwa njengengqondo. Esinye isosha sabelana nabazali bakhe - "Umndeni wami wonke ucabanga ukuthi ngingumuthi. Bacabanga, 'Ungayifaka kanjani impilo yakho ezandleni zomuntu onjalo? ... Usadutshulwa. '"
Naphezu kokungabaza kwamanye amazwe, lo mbiko waphetha, amasosha ayebaluleka kakhulu ngokukhululeka kokukhathazeka kwabasebenzi bokuphepha kwabasebenzi.
Ngenkathi isifundo sikaWong sibonisa umqondo kaStouffer ngokubaluleka kokubambisana kwesosha kuhlala kusebenza kahle, kwakunombono ohlukile wokubaluleka kobuzwe.
U-Stouffer wathi i-ideology, ukuthanda izwe, noma ukulwa ngenxa yalesi sizathu akuzona izici eziyinhloko ezenzweni zokulwa.
"Ngokumangalisa ukuthi amasosha amaningi ase-Iraq ashukunyiswa izinhloso zokuthanda izwe," kusho uWong.
Ukukhulula abantu nokuletha inkululeko kwakuyizingqikithi ezivamile ekuchazeni izinhloso zokulwa, kusho umbiko.
I-Wong credits Army yanamuhla yokuzivocavoca enezinhlamvu "ezingaphezu kwezombangazwe" njengesizathu soshintsho. Uthe amasosha afundiswe kakhulu namuhla aqondwa kangcono komsebenzi jikelele futhi anikeze "ibutho lobuchwepheshe ngempela."
"Ngenkathi i-US Army inemishini enhle kakhulu nokuqeqesha," kusho umbiko. "Isici somuntu uvame ukunganakwa. ... Amasosha ayo nawo anenani elilinganiselwe lokuthembela.
"Bayathembana ngenxa yezibopho ezithintana phakathi kwamasosha. Bathembela abaholi babo ngoba abaholi babo baqeqeshe ngokuphumelelayo amayunithi abo. Futhi, bathemba i-Army ngoba, kusukela ekupheleni kohlaka, i-Army ibilokhu iheha amalungu ayo kunokuba ibhale phansi. "
UWong uthe ukwethembeka umbiko wakhe kubonisa ukuthi uphakeme, kodwa uxwayisa, "Isikhathi sokuhlola siyabethemba."
Uthe ukungaqiniseki kungadala ukuthembela futhi imvelo yanamuhla yezindleko ezivulekile nezingxoxo zokunciphisa izindleko zinganciphisa ukuthembela uma kungenakuphathwa ngokucophelela.