I-National Airspace System ichazwe

I-Airspace, I-Air Traffic Control ne-Technology Eyenza Yisebenze

Uhlelo lwe-airspace lwe-national (NAS) lwadalwa ekuqaleni kwemikhumbi yezokuhweba ukuze uthole izindiza ezivela endaweni ye-A ukuze zikhomba uB ngendlela ephephile futhi ephumelelayo. Yisimiso esidala, kodwa sisebenza kithi kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. Eqinisweni, i-United States inezinkinga eziphephile kakhulu emhlabeni ngokuphathelene nokuhamba kwezindiza.

Kunezindiza ezingaba ngu-7 000 esibhakabhakeni ngaphezu kweMelika ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngokusho kwe-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

Le namba kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-15 elandelayo, futhi iyaqhubeka ilukhuni kakhulu ukuvumelanisa zonke lezi zindiza zibe sakhiwo sethu samanje somoya. Uhlelo lwe-FAA's Next Generation Transportation (NextGen) luthembise ukuguqula uhlelo lwamanje lwamandla emoyeni ukuze kusetshenziswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-airspace, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamandla, kulondoloze uphethiloli nokunciphisa ukulibaziseka kwezindiza. Kuze kube i-NextGen isetshenziswe ngokugcwele, noma kunjalo, uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lwe-airspace luzofanele lwanele.

I-Airspace

I-FAA ihlukanisa indawo yomoya kwenye yezinhlobo ezine:

• I-airspace elawulwayo - i-airspace ezungeze izikhumulo zezindiza ezimatasa, emigwaqweni yendiza, nangaphezulu kuka-18,000 amamitha. I-FAA ibuye ihlukanise le moya endaweni yama-Class A, B, C, D kanye no-E, ngayinye enezilinganiso ezahlukene nemithetho.
• Indawo yomoya engalawuliwe - noma iyiphi indawo yomoya engalawulwa.
• I-airspace ekhethekile yokusebenzisa - izindawo ezinqunyelwe, ezivinjelwe, izixwayiso nezixwayiso, kanye nezindawo zokusebenza ezempi (ama-MOA).

• Enye indawo yomoya - indawo yomoya esetshenziselwa imikhawulo yendiza yesikhashana.

Amasevisi Wokulawula I-Air Traffic

I-NAS ihilela okungaphezu nje kombhoshongo wokulawula esikhumulweni sezindiza wendawo. Ngomshayeli ovamile, umshayeli uzoxhumana nabalawuli ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

• I-ARTCC - I-airspace phezu kwe-United States ihlukaniswe imikhakha engu-22 yesifunda, ngalinye elawulwa yi-Air Route Traffic Control Center, noma i-ARTCC. Njengoba indiza idlula umngcele kusuka kwesinye isifunda se-ARTCC kuya kwenye, umlawuli wesitimela sezindiza uthumela umthwalo wokukhulumisana wale ndiza kumlawuli we-ARTCC esifundeni esilandelayo.

• I-TRACON - I-Radar Approach Control (TRACON) iyaziwa ngokuthi "indlela" yokushayela abashayela. Lapho indiza isondela esikhumulweni sezindiza, abaphathi be-ARTCC bayodlulisela ukuxhumana kumlawuli we-TRACON, ozosiza indiza ngenxenye yokufika yendiza yayo.
• I-ATCT - Abaqondisi embhoshongweni wendawo yokulawula umgwaqo womoya (ATCT) banesibopho sezindiza esimweni sethrafikhi sezindiza ehambisana. Lapho indiza ingena endaweni yephethini yendawo yasendaweni yesikhumulo sezindiza, ihanjiswa ku-ATCT, lapho abaphathi bezokuqondisa indlela yokugcina nokufika kwayo. Abaphathi beGround nabo bayingxenye ye-ATCT, eqondisa imisebenzi yamatekisi nesango.
• I-FSS - Kukhona okwamanje iziteshi eziyisithupha zesevisi yendiza (FSS) esebenza. Ochwepheshe bezindiza basiza abashayeli bezindiza ngezinhlelo zokuhlela kuqala, ukuchazwa kwesimo sezulu, nolunye ulwazi oluhambisana nomzila womshayeli wendiza.

Ubuchwepheshe

Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuye basebenzelana iminyaka, imboni yezindiza iqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze uhlelo lusebenze kahle, lube lula futhi luvikelekile kubaqhubi bezindiza nabalawuli. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo:

• Radar - Okwamanje, i-NAS incike kakhulu kuma-radar asekelwe emhlabathini ukuze isebenze kahle. I-radar yomhlabathi ikhipha amagagasi omsakazo, ekhombisa izindiza. Isibonakaliso esivela endizeni siyahunyushwa futhi sithunyelwe ngedijithali ezikrinini zekhompyutha ku-ARTCC, TRACON noma i-ATCT.

• Ama-radios ajwayelekile - Abajikelezi bezindiza nabalawuli baxhumana ngokuqondile neVHF (imvamisa ephakeme kakhulu) ne-UHF (ama-radio aphezulu).
• I-CPDLC - I-Controller Pilot Data Link Communications, njengoba igama libonisa, kuyindlela yokulawula nabaqondisi bezindiza ukuxhumana ngesixhumanisi sedatha. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana lungcono lapho imisakazo engatholakali khona futhi iyancipha ukunciphisa umsakazo.
• I-GPS - Uhlobo lokusiza nge-navigational, i- Global Positioning System iyindlela enembile kakhulu futhi ethandwa kakhulu ekuhambeni kwe-air kanye nesinkwa nebhotela yohlelo lwe-NextGen.
• I-ADS-B - Eminyakeni yamuva, uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i- ADS-B (I-Automatic Surveillance-Broadcast) luye lwaziwa njengendlela yokusiza abashayeli bezindiza nabalawuli ekutholeni isithombe esinembile sethrafikhi yomoya, isimo sezulu kanye nesimo ngesikhathi sezindiza.

Isistimu Yokuthuthwa Kwomoya Ezayo

Uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lokuhamba emoyeni luthola izindiza lapho kudingeka khona ngendlela ephephile futhi ehlelekile, besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kokubili ubudala nezintsha. Ngenkathi uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lwe-airspace lusebenze kahle iminyaka eminingi, alinamandla kakhulu emotweni we-air traffic esibhakabhakeni sethu namhlanje. Sibheka imigwaqo eminingi egcwele, ukulibaziseka kwezindiza, ukushisa amafutha kanye nokulahlekelwa imali kunanini ngaphambili. Nokho, kukhona ithemba: Uhlelo lwe-NextGen luhloselwe ukuthuthukisa kwi-NAS yamanje ngokuthola izindlela zokubhekana nomgwaqo okwandisiwe nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lonke.