Isistimu yokuma umhlaba wonke, noma i-GPS njengoba ivame ukujwayela, iyisici esibalulekile ekuhambeni kwemimoya yanamuhla, futhi kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lwe-FAA's NextGen.
Idatha ye-GPS ivumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthola idatha eqondile yesithathu noma yobubanzi bendawo. Uhlelo lwe-GPS lusebentisa i-triangulation ukunquma indawo ngqo yendiza, kanye nesivinini, ithrekhi, ibanga noma kusuka kuma-checkpoints, nesikhathi.
Umlando we-GPS
Impi yase-United States yaqala ukusebenzisa i-GPS njengethuluzi lokuzulazula ngawo-1970. Ngawo-1980, uhulumeni wase-US wenza i-GPS itholakale emphakathini jikelele, mahhala, ngokubanjwa okukodwa: Imodi ekhethekile, ebizwa ngokuthi Ukutholakala Kokukhethwa, yayiyovunyelwa ngenjongo yokunciphisa ngenhloso ngokunemba ukuchithwa kwe-GPS kubasebenzisi basesidlangalaleni, ukugcina kuphela okunembile kakhulu i-GPS yezempi.
Ngonyaka ka-2000, ngaphansi kokuphathwa kukaClinton, ukutholakala okukhethiwe kwavalwa, futhi ngokunemba okufanayo ukuthi amasosha ayezuzile kutholakala umphakathi jikelele.
Izingxenye ze-GPS
Uhlelo lwe-GPS lunamalungu amathathu: Ingxenye yesikhala, ingxenye yokulawula, kanye namagceke womsebenzisi.
Ingxenye yesikhala iqukethe ama-satellites angaba ngu-31. I-United States Air Force isebenza lezi satellite ezingama-31, kanye nama satellite amathathu akhiphe amane angasetshenziswa kabusha uma kudingeka. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi esithile, ubuncane bama-satellite angu-24 busebenza ngendlela ehlelwe ngokukhethekile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani ama-satellite amane ayabuka ngesikhathi esisodwa kusukela cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo emhlabeni.
Ukuhlanganiswa okugcwele okunikezwayo ngama-satellites kwenza uhlelo lwe-GPS lube uhlelo oluhamba phambili lokuhamba kwezindiza zanamuhla.
Ingxenye yokulawula yenziwe uchungechunge lweziteshi zomhlabathi ezisetshenziselwa ukuhumusha nokudlulisela izimpawu zesathelayithi kumamukeli ahlukahlukene. Iziteshi zomhlaba zihlanganisa isiteshi sokulawula kahle, isiteshi esilawulayo esithile, ama-antenna angu-12 nezikhungo zokuqapha ezingu-16.
Ingxenye yomsebenzisi yesistimu ye-GPS ihilela abamukelayo abahlukahlukene kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimboni. Ukuvikeleka kwezwe, ezolimo, isikhala, ukuhlola, nokumebala konke kuyizibonelo zabasebenzisi bokugcina ohlelweni lwe-GPS. Ezindiza, umsebenzisi ngokuvamile ungumshayeli wezindiza, obuka idatha ye-GPS ekubonisweni ku-cockpit yezindiza.
Isebenza kanjani
Ama-satellite satellites ama-orbit cishe amamayela angu-12 000 ngaphezu kwethu, futhi agcwalise i-orbit eyodwa njalo emahoreni angu-12. I-solar powered, fly in medium Earth orbit futhi idlulisele izisakazo zomsakazo kumamukeli emhlabathini.
Iziteshi zomhlaba zisebenzisa izibonakaliso ukulandelela nokuqapha ama-satellites, futhi lezi ziteshi zinikeza i-master control station (MCS) ngemininingwane. I-MCS ihlinzeka ngaleyo ndlela idatha ecacile kuma-satellites.
Umamukeli endizeni uthola idatha yesikhathi esivela kumawashi athomu ama-satellites. Iqhathanisa nesikhathi esithathayo ukuba isignali ihambe kusukela ku-satellite kuze kufike kumamukeli, futhi sinquma ibanga ngokususelwa esikhathini esinembile kakhulu nesikhathi esithile. Abamukeli be-GPS basebenzisa ukuxilonga - usuku kusuka ema-satellites amathathu - ukucacisa indawo eqondile emibili. Okungenani ama-satellite amane abuka futhi asebenza, idatha yendawo yesithathu ingatholakala.
Iphutha le-GPS
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Ionosphere: isibonakaliso esivela kuma-satellite empeleni sinciphisa njengoba sidlula emkhathini womhlaba.
I-akhawunti yobuchwepheshe be-GPS yalesi siphambeko ngokuthatha isikhathi esiphezulu, okusho ukuthi iphutha likhona kodwa lilinganiselwe.
- Iphutha lewashi: Iwashi kumamukeli we-GPS kungenzeka ukuthi alinembile njengewashi le-athomu ku-satellite satellite, okwenza inkinga encane kakhulu yokunemba.
- Iphutha le-orbital: Izibalo ze-Orbit zingaba zingalungile, zibangela ukungalingani ekunqumeni indawo ngqo ye-satellite.
- Iphutha lesimo: Izimpawu ze-GPS zinganqamula izakhiwo, indawo, ngisho nokuphazamiseka kagesi kungenzeka. Izimpawu ze-GPS zitholakala kuphela lapho umamukeli ekwazi ukubona "i-satellites, okusho ukuthi idatha ngeke ilahleke noma ingalungile phakathi kwezakhiwo ezide, indawo esinyene, nangaphansi komhlaba.
Ukusetshenziswa Okusebenzayo kwe-GPS
I-GPS isetshenziswe kabanzi ezindizeni zezindiza namuhla njengomthombo wokuzulazula indawo . Cishe zonke izindiza ezakhelwe namuhla ziza ne-GPS iyunithi imishini ejwayelekile.
Ukuhamba kwezindiza jikelele, izindiza zebhizinisi, kanye nezindiza zezohwebo bonke bathole ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwe-GPS.
Kusukela ekudleni okuyisisekelo kanye nedatha yokuma endaweni yokuhambisa umoya, ukulandelela kanye nezindawo zezindiza, i-GPS iyithuluzi eliyigugu le-aviators.
Amadivayisi we-GPS angavunyelwa ukusetshenziswa ku-IMC nakwezinye izindiza ze-IFR . Abashayeli bezindiza bezinsimbi bathola i-GPS ukuthi ibasize kakhulu ekugcineni ukuqwashisa kwezimo kanye nezinqubo zokuhamba ngezinsimbi. Amayunithi aphethwe ngesandla, ngenkathi engavunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-IFR, kungaba usizo olusekelwe emuva kokuhluleka kwezinsimbi, kanye nethuluzi eliwusizo lokugcina ukuqwashisa kwezimo kunoma yisiphi isimo.
Abashayeli bezindiza abashayela i-VFR basebenzisa i-GPS njengethuluzi lokuzulazula kanye nokubuyela emuva kumshayeli wendabuko kanye namasu okucabanga okufile.
Bonke abashayeli bezindiza bangakwazisa idatha ye-GPS ezimweni eziphuthumayo, njengoba i-database izobavumela ukuba bafune isikhumulo sezindiza esiseduze, balingane isikhathi sokuhamba, ukushisa ebhodini, isikhathi sokushona kwelanga nokuphuma kwelanga, nokuningi, okuningi.
Iningi lwakamuva, i-FAA inikwe amandla izinqubo ze- WAAS zezinhlelo, zethula indlela entsha yokuqondisa abaqondisi bezindiza ngesimo se- Localizer Performance ne-Vertical Guidance (LPV) . Lena indlela ecacile eyokwenza uhlelo lwamazwe omhlaba lusebenze kangcono futhi lusize ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo ohlelweni lukazwelonke lwe-airspace esikhathini esizayo.