Isinqumo se-Scotus Hobby Lobby sika-2014 kanye neminye imithetho engu-9 eye yahlukumeza abesifazane
Imithetho eminingi eyenziwe phakathi kuka-1769 no-2014 yenzelwe ngokuqondile ukuphika abesifazane amalungelo namathuba athile empilweni nasemsebenzini. Abanye baye benza lokho. Iningi lala mithetho liye labuswa ngokungahambisani nomthethosisekelo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo omama asezindaweni zokusebenza afika kangakanani-nokuthi imithetho emisha iqhubeka kanjani ukucindezela amalungelo abesifazane.
01 1769: Abesifazane Abalahlekelwa Ukuzimela Emshadweni
02 1777: Amalungelo okuvota aqedwe
Ngo-1777, imithetho yadluliswa yizo zonke izimo ezivimbela bonke abesifazane ukuba bavote ukhetho.
03 1866: Amalungelo Abavoti kanye Nabahlali Bachazwa Njengeyindoda
I-Congress yadlulisa ukuchitshiyelwa kwesi-14 ngo-1866, ichaza indlela abameleli bamazwe abamiswa ngayo ngenani labavoti. Ukuchitshiyelwa okuchazwe "abavoti" kanye nezakhamuzi "ukuba kubalwe ngokuqondile ngokuthi" owesilisa. "
04 1873: Abesifazane Abavinjelwe Ukusebenzisa Umthetho
Ku-1873 isinqumo seBradwell v. Illinois , i-83 US 130, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yavuma ukuthi ivinjelwe abesifazane besuka emthethweni.
05 1875: Kuphinde futhi, Amalungelo Okuvotela Ayenqatshelwe Abesifazane
Inkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yamemezela ukuthi abesifazane babe ngabantu kodwa "njengezakhamuzi ezingezona ukuvotela" esinqumweni sayo se-1875 esincane se-Happersett , 88 US 162. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kunikeze abesifazane amalungelo athile emshadweni nezinye izilungiselelo, kodwa babenqatshelwe ilungelo lokuvota .
06 1908: Abesifazane banezinsuku ezimbalwa zokusebenza kunamadoda
Ngonyaka we-1908, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yanquma ngokuvumelana nemithetho yase-Oregon eyanciphisa abesifazane ngosuku olulodwa lwamahora. U-Muller v Umbuso wase-Oregon , u-208 US 412, wachaza ukuthi abesifazane banamandla ngokomzimba kunamadoda.
07 1924: Amalindi eNew York kumele Asebenze Ukushintshwa Kwamasuku
Ngo-1924, imithetho yadluliselwa ekuvinjeni abesifazane ukuba basebenze ubusuku bokudla ezindaweni zokudlela kanye namaqembu ngaphandle kwabesifazane bokungcebeleka kwabesifazane noma njengabavakashi.
08 1932: Umthetho Wokuphoqa Abesifazane Emisebenzini Kahulumeni
Umthetho Wokubuyiswa Kazwelonke wasungulwa ngo-1932. Lo mthetho wawuvimbela ilungu lomndeni ongaphezu kweyodwa ukuba usebenze umsebenzi kahulumeni, futhi wawuphumelela ekususeni kwabesifazane abaqashile imisebenzi eminingi ngenkathi amadoda elwa neMpi Yezwe II. Njengoba amadoda abuyela emisebenzini kahulumeni, abesifazane baxoshwa.
09 1981: Abesifazane abakwazi ukuhlelwa kabusha
Ngo-1981, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yanquma ukuthi ngaphandle kwabesifazane abavela emthethweni kwakungokomthethosisekelo.
10 2014: Abafazi balahla ukutholakala kwamaphilisi okulawula ukuzalwa
E- Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , iNkantolo Ephakeme yagweba u-5-4 ngokuthanda i-Hobby Lobby ngo-2014, okwenza abaqashi abangenayo inzuzo banqabe ukuhlinzeka ngemithi yokwelashwa ngaphansi kwe-Obamacare uma bebalula izizathu zenkolo ngokwenza kanjalo. Amaphilisi okulawula ukubeletha, izindlela ezithengeka kakhulu zokuvimbela ukukhulelwa, nazo zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezempilo ezibhekene nezigidi zabesifazane.
UJustice Ruth Ginsburg unqatshelwe. Ezinye zezingcaphuno zakhe eziphawulekayo mayelana nokuthi kungani ezwa kakhulu ngalesi sinqumo zingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu:
"Ukwamukela ezinye izinkolelo zenkolo ngenkathi kubona abanye bengakufanelekeli indawo yokuhlala kungase kubonakale sengathi kuthanda inkolo eyodwa kunomunye, kuyingozi kakhulu ukuthi isigatshana [sokusungulwa kweMithethosisekelo] senzelwe ukuvimbela."
"Izinhlangano zenkolo zikhona ukugqugquzela izithakazelo zabantu abakholelwa ekukholweni okufanayo. Akunjalo nezezinkampani ezingenayo inzuzo. Abasebenzi abaqhubeka nokusebenza kwalezo zinhlangano ngokuvamile abafaki emphakathini owodwa wenkolo."
"Ukukhululwa okufunwa yi-Hobby Lobby neConestoga bekuzo ... ukuphika izinkampani zabesifazane abangabambeli izinkolelo zabaqashi babo ekufinyeleleni kokukhulelwa."