Isahluko 11 luhlobo lokuqedwa kwabantu abaningi abakuzwile kodwa bambalwa abazi okuningi. Cishe, uzwile mayelana nenhlangano enkulu efana ne-General Motors noma i-Macy's filing, kodwa akuyona nje abadlali abakhulu befayili.
Ibhizinisi elincane futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namafayela ngabanye futhi.
Isahluko 11 sivame ukusetshenziselwa ibhizinisi ukuhlela kabusha izikweletu zalo ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwenkantolo yokuqothula. Kwabaqashi abaningi abakhulu (abancane), inikeza indlela yokuvikela ibhizinisi kanye nempahla yenkampani ngenkathi ixoxisana nemigomo emisha nababolekisi bayo.
Kwezinye izahluko zeSahluko 11 (yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi umuntu noma inkampani efake icala lokuqothula), icala leSahluko 11 yindlela yokubeka inkampani ukuthi ithengiswe noma idayise impahla noma ihambise ngokuhlelekile.
Amanye amaSahluko angu-11 aphumelele kakhulu (cabanga ngoGeneral Motors noChrysler), kanti abanye abengekho (Lehman Brothers, Washington Mutual). Ngo-2013, amacala angama-9 000 eSahluko 11 afakwa ezinkantolo ze-bankruptcy. Ngonyaka ka-2016 lelo nani lahlehlile ku-7 000 kuphela.
Lapho amafayela enkampani iSahluko 11, abasebenzi basebenza ngokukhathazeka. Abaningi basinda empini ngenxa yokuqothulwa, ukuhlushwa, nokuhlanganiswa okuningi.
Lesi sihloko sihlola ezinye zezindlela iSahluko 11 sithinta labo abasebenzi, nokuthi yini okudingeka ukwazi uma inkampani yakho ijoyina.
Amalungelo akho njengesisebenzi ahluke kuye ngokuthi ngabe inkampani yakho ifake icala leSahluko sesi-7 noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kweSahluko 11. Ngeshwa kubasebenzi abaningi, amacala aqala ngokuhlelwa kabusha avame ukuguqulwa eSahlukweni 7 futhi aphelelwe ukuphuma ngaphandle kwebhizinisi.
Isimo Somsebenzi
Uma amafayela ezinkampani Isahluko 7, eyeka ukwenza ibhizinisi, kodwa inkampani efaka iSahluko 11 ngokuvamile ihlose ukuqhubeka ebhizinisini ngenkathi ixoxa nababolekisi bayo ukuhlela kabusha isikweletu sayo. Lenza kanjalo ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwenkantolo yokuqedwa, okusho ukuthi eziningi zezenzo zalo kufanele zivunywe yijaji eliqashisayo, futhi ababolekisi nabo kufanele bafune imvume yenkantolo ngaphambi kokuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nenkampani.
Ukuba nesidingo sokuhlela kabusha isikweletu ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi inzuzo yenkampani iphansi futhi izindleko zayo ziphakeme. Izindleko ezihlobene nabasebenzi, okubandakanya inkokhelo, izimpesheni nezinye izinzuzo, ngokuvamile zimelela isigaba esiphezulu sezindleko zomuntu oyedwa, futhi akuyona into engavamile kubabolekisi ukuba bafune ukuthi abaphathi bathathe isinyathelo ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuchithwa kwamacala ngesikhathi seSahluko 11 akuyona into engavamile. Ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi nezenzo zomsebenzi kumele kusamathele emithethweni nasezimisweni zikahulumeni nezombuso.
Eqinisweni, ezinye izinkampani ezibona ukuthi izivumelwane zabo zokubambisana zingabonakali zizofaka icala leSahluko 11. Izinhlinzeko emithethweni ye-bankruptcy zivumela izinkampani ukuba zamukele noma ziphinde zixoxisane ngezivumelwano zinyunyana ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Okuningi ngezansi.
Ukulungiswa Kwabasebenzi Nokulahla Isaziso (WARN) Umthetho
Umthetho we-WARNING udinga ukuba abaqashi abathile banikele abasebenzi abathintekayo isaziso sezinsuku ezingama-60 kwanoma yisiphi isisindo sokuqedwa noma ukuvala. Ngokuvamile, ukufaneleka abaqashi kumele babe nabasebenzi abangamaphesenti angama-100 noma ngaphezulu futhi okungenani abangu-50 kubasebenzi bayathinteka. Umthetho we-WARNING usebenza ngisho noma ibhizinisi lifake icala leSahluko 11. Kodwa, cishe cishe yonke imithetho ye-federal, kukhona okuhlukile.
Uma inkampani yakho ingaphansi komthetho we-WARNING, futhi awukatholanga isaziso sezinsuku ezingu-60 sokuqedwa noma ukuvala, ungahle unelungelo lokuthola isinxephezelo ngenkokhelo yakho kanye nezinzuzo kulawo ma-60 izinsuku naphezu kokufakwa kwezimali.
Imiholo
Uma inkampani ikukweleta noma yiyiphi inkokhelo uma ifaka iSahluko 11 sokuqothulwa, uma nje uqhubeka nokuqashwa kwenkampani, ukukhokha kwakho akufanele kuphazamiseke.
Inkampani izofuna imvume enkantolo ukuqhubeka nokukhokhela abasebenzi bayo uma nje iqhubeka ibhizinisi.
Uma kunjalo, uma ubeka phansi uma icala lifakwa noma lilahlekelwa umsebenzi ngaphambi kokuthi lifakwe, futhi ukhokhelwa izinkokhelo noma izinzuzo, usuke waba umkweletu wesikweletu seSahluko 11. Njengombolekisi, ujoyina izinkampani zabadayisi, abathengisi bezohwebo, ababolekisi abavikelekile ngisho nabanamasheya. Kungase kube yisikhathi ngaphambi kokuba ukhokhwe lokho okukhokhwayo. Asikho futhi isiqinisekiso sokuthi uzokhokhelwa konke okukhokhwayo.
Esikhathini seSahluko 11, izimangalo zomkweletu zinikezwa amazinga ahlukene okubaluleka kuye ngokuthi uhlobo luni. Izinkokhelo eziningi zamasheya zibhekwa njengezicelo "zokuqala" futhi zizokhokhwa ngaphambi kwamanye amacala amaningi. Lesi simo sokuqala sisebenza kumholo owawuthola kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-180 ngaphambi kokuba icala lifakwe futhi lilinganiselwe ku-$ 12,850 (kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2016; le mali kufanele yanda ngo-2019). "Imali" izobandakanya inkokhelo yehora, iholo, amakhomishana, ukukhokhelwa kweholide, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokukhokhelwa kwekhefu lokugula.
Noma yiliphi inani lemali elingaphezu komkhawulo wokuqala noma lolo suku emuva kwezinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-180 lingasolwa, kodwa lizophathwa njengezinye izimangalo ezingaphephile. Uma ubeka eceleni kwesikhala, cishe inkantolo yokukhokha izokhokha ukuthi noma yiliphi inkokhelo noma izinzuzo ozokhokhwa zikhokhwa ngokushesha. Uma lokho kungeke kwenzeke, inkokhelo yakho nezinzuzo zakho ezingakhokhelwa cishe kuzobhekwa njengesimangalo "sokuphatha," esinesimo esiphakeme kunezinsolo "zokubaluleka kuqala".
Izivumelwano zokuBambisana ezihlangene
Izinkontileka ze-Union, noma izivumelwano zokubambisana ezihlangene, aziphephile eSahlukweni 11 sokuqedwa. Eqinisweni, ezinye izinkampani ziye zafaka amacala eSahluko 11 ngenhloso ecacile yokusebenzisa imithetho yokukhokha ukufuna ukuxoxwa kwemigomo emisha noma ngabe isivumelwano sezinyunyana asikapheli isikhathi.
Uma inkontileka enjalo iba mthwalo kunkampani enecala, imithetho ye-bankruptcy ivumela inkampani enokweleta ukuba inqabe inkontileka. Ukwenqaba inkontileka kungaba nomthelela omuhle ekwenzeni kwenkampani yokuhlelwa kabusha, kodwa kuyoba nemiphumela emibi, njengoba nje bekuyobe kwenzeka uma iphula isivumelwano ngaphandle kokuqedwa.
Ukuze ulethe umphumela ongcono kakhulu kunkampani, obolekayo uzovame ukufuna ukuvunyelwa kanye nokuguqulwa kusuka kubasebenzi abambalwa. Uma inkinga yezimali yenkampani inzima, ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nezinyunyana zayo kungachaza inhlekelele kumboleki futhi kuholele ekudingeni ukuguqula leli cala eSahlukweni 7 nokukhishwa kwezimali.
Izinkontileka Ezizimele
Uma ngabe unkontileka ozimele othola amakhomishini okuthengisa avela enkampanini ehlehlisiwe, ungase ufake isimangalo sokuqala sokukhokhwa kwekhomishini engakhokhelwa ngaphambi kokufaka icala, uma phakathi nezinyanga eziyishumi nambili (12) ngaphambi kokuba inkampani iphelile ukwenza ibhizinisi uthole okungenani u-75% wemali engenayo yekhomishini yakho kusuka kumboleki. Uma ungakhokhiwe emsebenzini ovumelene ukukwenza ngemuva kweSahluko 11 sithunyelwe, okwenu kufanele kubekwe njengesimangalo sokuphatha.
Ubufakazi besimangalo
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unesimangalo sokuqala, isimangalo sokuphatha noma isimangalo esingaqinisekisiwe, Ukuze ukhokhwe isimangalo sakho, kumele ufake ifayela elibizwa ngokuthi "Ubufakazi Bokwemangalo," elisekelwa yimibhalo ebonisa ukuthi ukholelwa kangakanani uyakhokhwa. Funda kabanzi mayelana nenqubo ngokuchofoza ekugcwalisekeni kobufakazi befomu yesimangalo. Kufanele futhi ufake ubufakazi bokufaka isicelo nganoma yiziphi izimangalo zomshuwalense wezempilo ezingekhokhelwa noma izindleko ezingakhokhiwe ongayibhala. Lezi zizophathwa njengezimangalo ezijwayelekile ezingaqinisekisiwe.
Ukufakela ukungasebenzi
Ilungelo lakho lokufakela ukungabi nemisebenzi liyaqhubeka, noma ngabe ulahlekelwa umsebenzi wakho ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yenkampani yakho.
Impilo kanye nezinzuzo zempesheni
Nakuba kungaqinisekisiwe ukuthi kwenzeke, izinhlelo zakho zokuhlomula ezempilo nezempesheni zingasuswa. Kodwa, noma yiziphi izinzuzo zempesheni ozitholile kulelo phuzu kumele ziphephile. Iningi lala mahlelo lilawulwa yi- ERISA (uMthetho we-Employee Retirement Income Security Act), futhi isichazamazwi sohlelo lokucwaninga ngalunye lwepulani kufanele lunikeze ulwazi mayelana nokuthi kuzokwenzekani kumpahla yempesheni kanye nezinzuzo zezempilo.
Ipensheni
Ngokuvamile, i-ERISA idinga ukuthi izinzuzo zempesheni zigcinwe zihlukaniswe nezinye izimpahla zenkampani, noma zigcinwe ekuthembeni noma zitshalwe kwinkontileka yomshuwalense. I-ERISA idinga ukuthi noma yiziphi izinzuzo zempesheni ezitholakalayo zinikezwa 100% uma inkampani isulwa. Izinzuzo eziningi zempesheni zendabuko ziphinde ziqinisekiswe nguHulumeni waseHulumeni.
Esikhathini seSahluko 11, inkampani enokweleta ingacela inkantolo yokukhokha imvume yokuqeda noma yokuguqula uhlelo lwakho lwempesheni. Uma uhlelo lwakho luxhaswa ngokugcwele, umqashi wakho wangaphambili uzosebenzisa izimpahla zepulani ukuze athenge imali yokukhokhela izinzuzo zakho. Uma uhlelo lwakho lwempesheni luqedwa njengengxenye yokuqedwa noma i-PGGC, i-PBGC izokhipha izimpahla nezikweletu zemali futhi izokhokha izinzuzo zakho, ngokuya kwemingcele ethile ye-dollar.
401 (k)
Uma unamapulani angu-401 (k), imali kulawo ma-akhawunti ngeke isetshenziswe yinkampani ukukhokha abathengi benkampani, kodwa inkampani ayibophekile ukunikeza noma yimiphi iminikelo yesikhathi esizayo noma izimali ezifanayo. Uma ngabe 401 (k) yakho isetshenzisiwe esitokisini senkampani yakho, kungase kuhlakaniphe ukucabangela ukuthi ngabe intengo yesitoko ithathe ukushaya kepha kungenzeka ukuthi ilulame, noma ngabe yisikhathi sokuhluka uma ungakwazi.
Ezempilo
Uma umqashi eyeka zonke izinhlelo zayo zezempilo, ngeke ukwazi ukuqhubeka nokufaka kwakho ngaphansi kwe- COBRA . Nokho, ungakwazi ukuguqula noma ukuthenga inqubomgomo ngayinye, noma ujoyine inqubomgomo yomngane wakho. Uma uthola izinzuzo zezempilo njengomhlalaphansi noma izinzuzo zakho ziwumphumela wesivumelwano sokubambisana, ungahle ube ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhethekile yokukhokha. Isimiso sakho sokuqala sizobe uxhumane nomlawuli wepulani ngalinye noma ummeleli wakho wezinyunyana.
Kubuyekezwe nguCarron Nicks April 2017.