Nazi izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zemilingo abagibeli bezindiza abhekene nazo:
Indlela Yokumnyama Ye-Hole
Indlela yokumnyama emgodini kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokufinyelela endaweni enkulu, engavunyelwe. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka emzimbeni wamanzi, kodwa kungenzeka kunoma yikuphi indawo engenziwanga. Njengoba kungenakho ukubhekwa okubonakalayo emgodini omnyama omnyama, umshayeli angakwazi ukunqoba kalula noma ukugxilisa isikhundla sakhe endleleni, okwenza kube nendlela engaqiniseki. Lapho uthola inkohliso emnyama, umshayeli wezindiza kufanele athembele ezakhiweni zezindiza, ahlale endaweni ephakeme futhi asebenze ukuze alondoloze indlela ezinzile, kuhlanganise nesimo esiphezulu se-airspeed and desccent rate.
I-Autokinesis
I-Autokinesis iyinkohliso yeso. Ebusuku, lapho ilanga lomshayeli libheke ekukhanyeni ngemuva kwesizinda esingumnyama ngaphandle kwezinye iziboniso ezibukwayo ezizungezile, njengenkanyezi noma ukukhanya okuvela kwenye indiza, umshayeli uyothola umbono wokuthi ukukhanya kuhamba.
Ukuzi nje ngalokhu ukukhohlisa kusiza ukuyibeka phansi, futhi ukuhambisa amehlo nxazonke noma ukubuka ohlangothini lwezinto ezivulekile kungasiza.
Amanga amaHluzoni
Abaqhubi bezindiza ze-VFR bathembele kakhulu emkhakheni wezemvelo womhlaba ukuze balondoloze indiza eqondile neyezinga emini. Ebusuku, lapho ilanga liya phansi futhi kungekho horizon yokubheka, ingqondo izama ukuzama ukuyenza eyodwa, ingaphumeleli.
Izikhathi eziningi, umshayeli wezindiza uzohumusha ifu elimnyama noma izibani zomgwaqo omkhulu njengengqikithi futhi uzobe ebhange indiza ukuze isimo sengqondo siqondile futhi sibe nesilinganiso esiphathelene nendawo engamanga emanga. Lokhu kuyinkathazo, yebo, njengoba umphumela kulokhu kunguquko engavumelekile engaguquki. Umshayeli ondiza ebusuku kufanele adinge kakhulu esibonakalweni sengqondo endizeni ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi uhlala eqondile kanye nezinga ngenkathi eqaphela ama-horizons amanga.
I-Vertigo ye-Flicker
I-vertigo ye-Flicker yisimo esingavamile lapho ubuchopho abukhiphi ukukhanya okukhanyayo kahle kakhulu. Kungabangelwa ukukhanya kwe-strobe ebusuku ukuqhuma ngokumelene ne-propeller noma kusukela ekukhanyeni kwelanga ku-propeller, futhi kubangele ukudideka nokuhlanza izinhlanzi. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukuthi kanye nalokho okwenzekayo okungajwayelekile, kulula ukulungisa - umshayeli kufanele aphele ukukhanya noma aphenduke ilanga.
Izibani ze-Runway
Izibani zomgwaqo ezikhanyayo zingenza umshayeli azwe sengathi indiza iphansi kunalokho okuyiyo, ukudala isimo lapho indlela ephakeme kunaleyo evamile egijima ukuze ihlaziye lokho azizwa kuyindlela ephakeme. Isimo esingazinzile esingenzeka singaba khona uma umshayeli wesibhamu engathembi izinsimbi zakhe kulokhu.
I-Sloping Terrain
Lapho indawo iqhubekela phezulu ngaphambi kokuba indlela isiphelile yendlela, umshayeli wezindiza angakhohliswa ukuba akholelwe ukuthi indiza iphezulu kakhulu, okwenza ukuba ahlawule ngokuhamba ngezinyawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthamo owehla uyokwenza umshayeli ucabange ukuthi uphansi kakhulu, okwenza kube yi-glidepath ephezulu kune-evamile.
Ububanzi be-Runway
Umgwaqo owandayo kunokujwayelekile uyokwenza umshayeli ucabange ukuthi uphansi. Ngomzamo wokubuyisela imali, angase ahambe ngendlela ephakeme kakhulu kunayo yonke, noma aqhubekele e-airspeed engaphephile ekugcineni.
Ukwehliswa
Imvula, inkungu kanye neshavu kungenza bonke abashayeli bezindiza baqonde ibanga ngendlela efanele. Imvula, isibonelo, ingabangela ukukhanya kwezindlela nokuhamba komgwaqo ukuze kubonakale kucace ebusuku, okwenza umshayeli azwe sengathi uphansi kunalokho okufanele abe khona, lapho kungenzeka ukuthi angaphumelela ngendlela ephakeme kunaleyo.
Futhi inkungu kanye nehavu kungenza ukuthi umgwaqo ubheke kude kunalokho okuyiyona ngempela, okwenza kube nengozi yokuthi uphakeme kakhulu.
Isimo esimhlophe
Indawo ehlanganiswe neqhwa ehlanganiswe neqhwa elimnyama lingabangela ukukhanya okuphelele okumhlophe okukwenza kube nzima kumshayeli wezinyawo ukuthi athole noma yikuphi uhlobo lokuboniswa okubukwayo, okusho ukuthi kunzima kumshayeli wezindiza ukuthola ukuthi usezingeni eliphezulu noma liphansi kangakanani sondela. Ukubheka ngokucophelela ekuboneni kwamaphutha kanye nezindiza zezindiza kuzosiza ukulungisa lokhu.
I-illusions ingabangela ukuphazanyiswa kwabashayeli bezindiza, ikakhulukazi ebusuku noma ezimweni ezibonakalayo eziphansi. Cishe zonke lezi zinkinga, ukulungiswa kulula: Thembela izinsimbi, ugcine isivinini esisheshayo sezinyathelo kanye nokuphakama okufanele ukuze izingxenye zezinhlelo ziqhume, futhi zilungele ngokwengqondo ukuqaphela ukukhohliswa uma kwenzeka.
Imithombo: FAA , i-Airbus