Ubugebengu kanye noCriminology, Kusukela ku-Ancients kuya ku-Renaissance
Njengomphakathi wesintu uye wavela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, ngakho-ke, ukuqonda kwethu izimbangela zobugebengu kanye nemiphakathi ephendula ngayo. Njengoba kunjalo njalo, umlando wezobugebengu zanamuhla uthola izimpande ezikhathini zasendulo.
Ukubuka Kwakudala Kobugebengu nokujezisa
Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu baye benza ubugebengu bomunye nomunye. Ezikhathini zasendulo, impendulo evamile yayiyingenye yokuphindisela; isisulu noma umndeni wesisulu singasho lokho abazizwa ukuthi kuyisiphetho esifanelekile ebugebengu ababenziwe ngabo.
Ngokuvamile, lezi zimpendulo azizange zilinganiswe noma zilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yalokho, isigebengu sokuqala sivame ukuzibona ukuthi sesisisulu ngenxa yezenzo ezithathwe ngaye ukuthi azizwa zingavumelani nobugebengu obwenziwe. Izikhukhula zegazi zivame ukukhula ezingase zihlale ngezizukulwane.
Imithetho Yokuqala Nemakhodi
Nakuba ngokuqinisekile ubugebengu kuyinkinga kuyo yonke imiphakathi, ukuphendulwa kobugebengu emiphakathini yakuqala kubangela izinkinga zabo. Imithetho echaza ngokucacile ubugebengu kanye nezijeziso ezihambisanayo yasungulwa kokubili ukuqeda ubugebengu nokuqeda ukuhlukunyezwa kwegazi okwaholela ekuphindiseleleni izisulu.
Le mizamo yokuqala yavumela ukuthi isisulu sobugebengu siphumelele isijeziso kodwa safuna ukucacisa ukuthi impendulo ebugebengu obuhlukile kufanele ilingane nobukhulu bebugebengu ngokwayo. Ikhodi kaHammurabi ingenye yezokuqala, futhi mhlawumbe imizamo eyaziwa kakhulu yokwakha isixazululo sokujeziswa kwezigebengu.
Izimiso ezibekiwe kukhodi zichazwe kangcono ngokuthi "umthetho wokuziphindiselela."
Inkolo nobugebengu
Esimeni lasentshonalanga, imibono eminingi yokuqala mayelana nobugebengu nokujeziswa kwagcinwa eTestamente Elidala yeBhayibheli. Umqondo ubonakala kalula ngokuthi inkulumo ethi "iso ngeso."
Emiphakathini yokuqala, ubugebengu nobugebengu, kanye nakho konke okunye, kwakubhekwa kumongo wenkolo. Izenzo zobugebengu zacasula onkulunkulu noma uNkulunkulu. Kwakulo mongo ukuthi izenzo zokuziphindiselela zazifanelekile, njengendlela yokuthobisa onkulunkulu ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa okwenziwe ngabo ngobugebengu.
I-Philosophy yokuqala nezobugebengu
Ukuqonda okuningi kwanamuhla ngobuhlobo obuphakathi kobugebengu nokujeziswa kungalandelwa emibhalweni yamafilosofi amaGreki uPlato no-Aristotle, nakuba kungathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwenkulungwane yemicabango eminingi ukugxila.
UPlato wayengomunye wabokuqala obala ukuthi ubugebengu buvame ukuphumela emfundweni empofu nokuthi izijeziso zobugebengu kufanele zihlolwe ngokususelwa ezingeni labo lokuphutha, okuvumela ukuthi kube khona amathuba okuncipha.
U-Aristotle wakha umqondo wokuthi izimpendulo zobugebengu kufanele zizame ukuvimbela izenzo zesikhathi esizayo, zombili izigebengu kanye nabanye abangase bathambekele ekwenzeni ezinye izenzo zobugebengu.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, leso sijeziso sobugebengu kufanele sibe yisivimbela kwabanye.
Umthetho Wezwe Nenhlangano
Umphakathi wokuqala ukuthuthukisa ikhodi ephelele yemithetho, kufaka phakathi amakhodi obugebengu, kwakuyiRiphabhuliki yaseRoma. AmaRoma athathwa kabanzi njengababikezeli beqiniso bezinhlelo zomthetho zanamuhla, futhi amathonya abo asabonakala namuhla, njengoba ulimi lwesiLatini lugcinwa emininingwaneni yezomthetho eminingi.
IRoma yathatha umbono wezwe ngobugebengu, ukubuka izenzo zobugebengu njengesihluku emphakathini ngokumelene noNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, kuthatha indima yokunquma nokuletha isijeziso njengomsebenzi kahulumeni, njengendlela yokugcina umphakathi olalelwe.
Ubugebengu kanye nokujeziswa ezinyangeni eziphakathi
Ukwethulwa nokusabalaliswa kobuKristu kulo lonke elase entshonalanga kwaletha ukubuyela ekuxhumaneni okungokwenkolo phakathi kobugebengu nokujeziswa.
Njengoba ukwehla kweMbuso WaseRoma, ukungabi nesikhundla esiqinile esiyinhloko kuholela esitebhisini esimweni sengqondo ngesimo sobugebengu.
Izenzo zobugebengu zaqala ukucatshangwa ngokuthi yimisebenzi nemithonya kaDeveli noma uSathane. Izigebengu zazilingana nesono.
Ngokuphambene nezikhathi zasendulo, lapho izijeziso zazivame ukuqhutshwa khona ukuze zithokoze onkulunkulu, izijeziso zenziwa manje esimweni 'sokwenza umsebenzi kaNkulunkulu.' Izijeziso ezimbi zazihloswe ukuhlenga isiluleko sesono futhi zikhulule ethonya likaDeveli.
Izisekelo ze-Modern View of Crime
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuKristu buveza ukufaneleka kokuthethelela nokuzwelana, futhi ukubuka ebugebengu nokujeziswa kwaqala ukuguquka. Umfundisi wezinkolo wamaRoma Katolika uThomas Aquinas wachaza kahle lezi zici emlandweni wakhe othi "Summa Theologica."
Kwakukholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu usemise "uMthetho Wokwemvelo," futhi ubugebengu babonakala bephula umthetho wezemvelo, okwakusho ukuthi umuntu owenze ubugebengu wayesenze isenzo esahlukanisa noNkulunkulu.
Kwaqala ukuqonda ukuthi ubugebengu abulimazi nje kuphela isisulu kodwa futhi nobugebengu. Izigebengu, ngenkathi zifanelwe ukujeziswa, kwakufanele zizwele, njengoba zazizibeke ngaphandle komusa kaNkulunkulu.
Nakuba le mibono isuselwa ezifundweni zenkolo, le mibono ikhona namuhla emibonweni yethu yezwe ngobugebengu nokujeziswa.
I-Criminology yanamuhla ne-Society Society
Amakhosi nezinkosikazi zalezo zikhathi zathi igunya labo lobukhosi ngokuthanda kukaNkulunkulu, bethi babekwe amandla nguNkulunkulu ngakho-ke benza ngokuvumelana nentando yakhe. Izigebengu ezibhekiswe kubantu, impahla, kanye nombuso zazibhekwa njengezigebengu zikaNkulunkulu nezono.
Amakhosi athiwa bobabili bekhanda likahulumeni kanye nenhloko yesonto. Ukujeziswa kwakuvame ukusheshisa futhi kunesihluku, kungaboni kahle lesi senzo.
Njengoba umbono wokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nezwe waqala ukugxila, imibono mayelana nobugebengu nokujeziswa kwathatha isimo sezwe nesintu. I-criminology yanamuhla yenziwa ekutadisheni kwezenhlalo.
Ngomqondo walo, izazi ze-criminologists zanamuhla zifuna ukufunda izimbangela zobugebengu futhi zithole ukuthi zingcono kanjani ukubhekana nazo nokuzivimbela. Ama-criminologists asekuqaleni adlulisela indlela enengqondo yokubhekana nobugebengu, ephikisana nokuxhashazwa yiziphathimandla zikahulumeni.
Ikholi Yesizathu Esikhathini Sokuhlaselwa Kwama-Criminology Yanamuhla
Umlobi wase-Italy uCesare Beccaria, encwadini yakhe ethi On Crime and Punishment , wakhuthaza ukulinganisa ubugebengu obufanayo kanye nokujeziswa okuhambisana nesibopho sobugebengu. Uphakamisa ukuthi uma ubugebengu bubi kakhulu, isijeziso kufanele sibe sibi kakhulu.
U-Beccaria wayekholelwa ukuthi indima yabahluleli kufanele ibe nomkhawulo ekunqumeni amacala enecala noma ukungabi namacala, nokuthi kufanele akhiphe izijeziso ngokusekelwe emibhalweni evezwe yizishayamthetho. Ukujeziswa ngokweqile kanye nabahluleli abahlukumezayo bazoqedwa.
I-Beccaria nayo ikholelwa ukuthi ukuvimbela ubugebengu kwakubaluleke ngaphezu kokujezisa. Ngakho-ke, ukujeziswa kobugebengu kufanele kubesabise abanye ukuba bangenzi lolo cala.
Umcabango wukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kobulungiswa obusheshayo kungenza omunye umuntu enze ubugebengu ukuba acabange kuqala ngemiphumela engaba khona.
I-Link Between Demographics kanye nobugebengu
I-Criminology yaqhubeka njengoba izazi zezenhlalo zazama ukufunda izimbangela zobugebengu. Bafunda kokubili imvelo kanye nomuntu ngamunye.
Ngokuqala kokubalwa kwezibalo zobugebengu kazwelonke eFrance ngo-1827, isazi sezibalo saseBelgium u-Adolphe Quetelet sibheke ukufana okuphakathi kwamanani nezinga lobugebengu. Waqhathanisa izindawo lapho kwenzeka khona ubugebengu obuphakeme kakhulu, kanye nobudala nobulili balabo abenza ubugebengu.
Uthole ukuthi izinombolo eziphezulu kakhulu zobugebengu zenziwa ngabangaphansi kokufundiswa, abampofu, abesilisa abancane. Uphinde wathola ukuthi kunezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezenziwe ezindaweni ezicebile, ezicebile kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, amanani aphezulu obugebengu ayenzeka kulezo zindawo ezicebile eziseduze nezifunda ezihluphekayo, okubonisa ukuthi abantu abampofu bazoya ezindaweni ezicebile ukwenza ubugebengu.
Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ubugebengu buvele ikakhulu ngenxa yesikhala futhi kuboniswe ukuhlangana okuqinile phakathi kwesimo sezomnotho, ubudala, imfundo nobugebengu.
I-Link Between Biology, Psychology, nobugebengu
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umhlengikazi wesibhedlela waseNtaliyane uCesare Lombroso wafunda imbangela yobugebengu esekelwe ezimfanelweni ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo nezengqondo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, waphakamisa ukuthi izigebengu eziningi zezomsebenzi azizange zenzeke njengamanye amalungu omphakathi.
I-Lombrosso ithola izimfanelo ezithile zomzimba ezabelwana phakathi kwezigebengu eziholela ekubeni akholelwe ukuthi kwakukhona into ephilayo neyifa elibambe iqhaza ekwenzeni umuntu ukuthi enze ubugebengu.
Criminology yanamuhla
Lezi zindlela ezimbili zokucabanga, eziphilayo kanye nemvelo, ziye zashintsha ukuze zihlanganise, ziqaphela kokubili izinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezifaka izimbangela zobugebengu.
Lezi zikole ezimbili zokucabanga zakha lokho namuhla okubhekwa njengesiyalo se-criminology yanamuhla. Izazi ze-Criminologists manje zifunda izici zomphakathi, ezengqondo nezingokwenyama. Benza izincomo zenqubomgomo kuhulumeni, izinkantolo nezinhlangano zamaphoyisa ukusiza ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu.
Njengoba lezi zinkantolo zazithuthukiswa, ukuguqulwa kwamaphoyisa wamanje namanje uhlelo lwethu lobulungiswa bezobugebengu lwalwenziwa futhi.
Inhloso yamaphoyisa yayihlanjululwe ukuvimbela nokuthola ubugebengu, ngokuphambene nokumane nje usabele ngobugebengu obuvele buyenziwe. Uhlelo lwezobulungiswa lobugebengu manje luzosiza ukujezisa izigebengu ngenhloso yokuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo.
Amandla Okusebenza Emkhakheni Wezinhlawulo
I-Criminology iye yavela njengensimu ehlukahlukene kakhulu, equkethe izici zezenhlalo, i-biology, kanye ne-psychology.
Imisebenzi kulabo abahlola ukulwa nobugebengu kubandakanya amaphoyisa , abacwaningi, isimo sobugebengu kanye nabachwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe , abameli, abahluleli, abaqeqeshi bezokuphepha , kanye nabachwepheshe bezengqondo .
Insimu yezobugebengu iyaqhubeka ikhula, futhi ungathola amathuba okuba cishe cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo enentshisekelo ongayithola.