I-Origins kanye Nomlando Wokusetshenziswa Kwezesayensi Yezimiso ZokuCriminology
Igama elithi "ubuchwepheshe" livela eLatinini futhi kusho, ngokumane, ukuhambisana nomthetho.
Ngakho-ke, noma yisiphi isiyalo esinezibopho ezihambisana nesimiso sezomthetho, empeleni, sinobuchwepheshe. Yingakho iziqu eziningi zemisebenzi ngaphakathi kwezobugebengu, njenge-psychologist yezokwelapha, zilandelwa yilo gama.
Mayelana nesayensi ye-forensic, leli gama manje liqondwa ngokujwayelekile ngokubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezimiso zesayensi emibhalweni yomthetho. Ngamafuphi, kusho ukusebenzisa isayensi ukuxazulula ubugebengu.
Isiyalo Esisha
Njengoba singene ohlelweni lwethu lobulungiswa bezobugebengu njengoba isayensi yezobunhloli ibonakala, iqiniso liwukuthi ukwengeza okusheshayo, ngisho nokucabangela umlando omusha wezobugebengu zanamuhla.
Lapho eRoma
Izimpande zakudala zesayensi ye-forensic njengoba siyazi ukuthi zingatholakala emphakathini wasendulo wamaGreki namaRoma. Lezi zintuthuko zasentshonalanga zaletha intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wezezokwelapha kanye nezokwelapha. Kwaziswa ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezimpawu zezinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene, okwenza kube lula ukuveza ukusetshenziswa kwabo ekubulaweni kwangaphambilini okungatholakali.
U-Et Tu Brute? I-Autopsy Yokuqala
Ngonyaka we-44 BC, udokotela waseRoma u-Antistius wahlola umzimba weJulius Caesar osanda kubulawa wabe esenqume ukuthi, nakuba umbhikisho egwazwe izikhathi ezingu-23, isilonda esisodwa esiswini sakhe sabangela ukufa kwakhe. Lokhu kubhekwa kabanzi njenge-autopsy eqoshiwe yokuqala.
Icala Lokuqala Lokungenacala Lokungenacala?
Njengoba imodeli yamaRoma isisekelo senkantolo yethu kanye nesimiso sezomthetho namuhla, kuyafaneleka ukuthi sinikeza nalokho okutholwa isithakazelo sethu ekusebenziseni izimiso zesayensi ekuhlolweni kobufakazi. Ekhulwini lokuqala AD, umkhulumeli waseRoma nommeli wezepolitiki uQuintilian wakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi iziphambano zamanzi ezishiye endaweni yesigameko sokubulala zazihloswe ukubeka ummangalelwa, indoda eyimpumputhe engenacala, ngokubulala umama wakhe. Njengoba uMbuso WaseRoma wehla entshonalanga, isayensi yezobunhloli yahlala ingapheli iminyaka eyinkulungwane, kwenziwa izicelo zobugebengu nobugebengu.
Isiqalo Sokukhubazeka
Ekhulwini leshumi nantathu yeChina, incwadi ethi Hsi Duan Yu (Ukuhlanza Kwezinto Ezimbi) yanyatheliswa futhi ibhekwa njengomhlahlandlela wokuqala owaziwayo we-pathology. Umsebenzi uchaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuthi unquma kanjani ukuthi isisulu sicindezelekile noma sanyunyiwe njengesizathu sokufa. Ubuye ucacise nokuthi umphenyi wezobugebengu uhloniphe kanjani uhlobo lwamacenge asetshenziswe ekubulaleni ngokuhlola isidumbu nokuthi kunquma kanjani ukuthi ukufa kwaba ngengozi noma ukubulala.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezesayensi
Kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, njengoba iminyaka yobukhanyiso iqhakaza, ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kanye nonembeza womphakathi wabona insimu yesayensi yezobunhloli ithola ukuvuselelwa kwezinhlobo.
Ukubonga okusha ngokusetshenziswa kwendlela yesayensi cishe yonke imibuzo, ubugebengu noma okunye, kwakudinga izindlela ezintsha zokuthola nokuxazulula ubugebengu.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu neshumi nesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye kwatholakala ukuqhuma kwezigameko ezilotshiwe zokusetshenziswa kobufakazi obusetshenziswe ngokwesayensi ukuxazulula ubugebengu futhi zithole izinkolelo. Amasu okufakaza okubandakanya ukuxhuma iphephandaba le-crumbled ephepheni elisetshenziselwa ukukhwabanisa ebhokisini elibhekiselwe esikhwameni somsolwa kanye nokuqhathanisa izingubo zokugqoka, izinhlamvu, nezinyawo kulabo abatholwa umsolwa osolwa ngokubulala owesifazane osemusha .
Iminwe yezithombe
Mhlawumbe ukukhishwa okukhulu kwesayensi ye-forensic, ngo-1880, kwenziwa umsebenzi kaHenry Faulds noWilliam James Herschel, owashicilela ucwaningo kumagazini wezesayensi weMvelo ochaza kabanzi ukuthi iminwe yabantu yayingavamile kubantu ngabanye nokuthi akukho namasethi amabili kufana.
Lolu cwaningo lwaluthola ukusekelwa okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe futhi lwamukelwa njengeqiniso enkundleni yenkantolo, okwenza indlela yokusebenzisa kabanzi inqubo yokwazisa eye yaba yinto esemqoka enkundleni yobulungiswa bobugebengu manje iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.
Umlando Omusha Kodwa Ocebile
Nakuba kuyisiyalo esisha, isayensi yezobunhloli inomlando ocebile futhi ikusasa elicebile kakhulu. Njengoba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ibonakala ibonakala nsuku zonke, umsebenzi wezesayensi we-forensic uyindlela ephelele yokushada ingqondo ehlakaniphile enhliziyweni yenceku yomphakathi.