Izinqubo zokuhamba ziyizinqubo zendiza yendiza eyenziwe ukuphatha nokuvikela ithrafikhi ehambayo kusuka ezingqineni nasemasimini. Izinqubo zokuhamba nge-instrument ziza ezinhlotsheni ezimbili: Izinqubo Zokuqeda Ukuvimbela (ODPs) kanye ne-Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs). Ama-ODP ahlinzeka ukuvinjelwa kwabashayeli bezindiza lapho behamba ohlelweni lokushayela izinsimbi, futhi ama-SID ahloswe ukuhlela ukuguqulwa kusuka endaweni yokugcina kuze kufike esigabeni somzila wendiza ngendlela ephumelelayo ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa isithiyo nesimo semvelo.
Yonke inkundla yesikhumulo sezindiza enenqubo yokufinyelela kufanele ihlolwe ukuze inqume ukuthi ngabe kuyadingeka yini ukuthi inqubo yokuhamba isithiyo idingeke. Ukuhlola, i-FAA isebenzisa iqoqo lezindinganiso ezisekelwe "kumshayeli owela ekupheleni komgwaqo (DER) okungenani ngamamitha angu-35 ngaphezu kwe-DER phezulu, ekhuphukela ezingamamitha angu-400 ngaphezu kwe-DER ukuphakama ngaphambi kokwenza ukuphenduka kokuqala, futhi silondoloze ubuncane bokukhuphuka kwezinyawo ezingamamitha angu-200 nge-nawutical miles (FPNM). "
Izindlela zokuvimbela ukuvimbela
I-ODPs isetshenziselwa ukusiza abaqhubi be-IFR ngesikhathi bekhuphuka kusukela emgwaqweni kuya kubanikezwe noma beshicilelwe endaweni yokuphakama kwemigwaqo ngenkathi begwema izithiyo nezendawo. I-ODPs ivame ukuboniswa ematheksthini, kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwifomu lesithombe. Emikhatsini ejwayelekile yoMnyango Wezokuthutha, i-ODPs itholakala kuma-Terminal Procedures ase-US, eyaziwa ngezilimi ezivamile ngokuthi "amacwecwe okufinyelela." Ama-ODP e-Textual atholakale eSigaba C (Izinqubo Zokuqapha ze-IFR zokuKhipha kanye nezinqubo zokuPhumela) zeNqubo yokuGcina futhi i-Dynamic DPs ekhonjiwe izotholakala ngokulandela amashadi ezindlela zezindiza.
Izinqubo zokuhamba zokuvimbela ayinikezwa i-ATC. Esikhundleni salokho, kungukuthi umshayeli wezokushayela uzowafunela bese ebaphuza njengoba kudingeka. Ngaphandle kokuthi kuhlanganiswe imvume ye-IFR, ukuhambisana ne-ODP akuyona igunya, kodwa kuwukuhlakanipha.
Ukuhamba okujwayelekile kwe-Instrument
Ama-Standard Instrument Departures (i-SIDs) abelwe i-ATC futhi atholakala kuma-apeti asematasa.
Ama-SID asiza ukuguqula ukuguqulwa kusuka endaweni yokugcina yezindiza kuya esigabeni somzila wendiza, futhi ukuhambisana kusiza i-ATC ukuphatha ukugeleza kwezimoto. Ama-SID aklanyelwe ngesikhalazo esivumelwaneni engqondweni, kanye nokunciphisa umsindo, kodwa ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa umthwalo wokusebenza nomsakazo phakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza nabalawuli ngokulawula ukugeleza kwezimoto ngendlela ephumelelayo. Zibhalwe ngokucacile futhi zitholakala eceleni kwezingqimba zamabhodlela encwadini yenqubo yokugcina. Ama-SID avame ukufaka imizila yokuguquka, eyenza uxhumano kusukela ekuhambeni ukuya emgwaqeni ohambweni noma enkambeni engenamanzi.
Esimweni se-radar, ama-SID e-radar avamile, lapho abalawuli behlinzeka khona izidakamizwa ze-radar ukuze zilungiswe endleleni. Ngokuvamile zihlanganisa inkambo yokuqala eqondene nomgwaqo wokuhamba kanye nesigaba sesibili, ukushintshwa kokulungisa okuqala umzila wendiza. Lezi zi-SID zivame ukufaka imvamisa yokuhamba ngezinkomba ezihlukahlukene zokuhamba.
Ukuhamba kwezinto ezijwayelekile ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe ukukhuphuka ama-gradients namakhono okuhamba. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele baqaphele ukuthi izindiza zabo zikhuphuka kanjani ukusebenza nezindlela zokuhamba (noma ukungabi khona kwazo) ngaphambi kokwamukela i-SID ekulawuleni kwe-air traffic.
I-RNAV Ukuthutha
Ukuhamba kwendawo yokuhamba (RNAV) kuyafana kakhulu njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwe- GPS ne-ADS-B kuqhubeka kakhulu. Imizila ye-RNAV izovumela ukuthi indiza e-RNAV ifakwe kahle kakhulu, ngoba lezi ndege ngeke zidingeke zithembele ezindleleni zendabuko zokuhamba, njenge- VORs . Inkambo yokuhamba kwe-RNAV ingahle ibekwe ngokwezifiso ukulandela inkambo egobile ukugwema indawo yomoya, izindawo zendawo zokugwema umsindo, noma ezinye izikhumulo zezindiza. Ukuthuthwa kwe-RNAV okwamanje kuthuthukiswa njengengxenye yephrojekthi ye-National Airspace Redesign ye-FAA futhi kufanele ivumele ukuthuthwa komoya okuhamba kahle, njengoba abagibeli bezindiza bezokwazi ukuhamba ngemigwaqo eqondile.
Umthombo: I-FAA Instrument Procedures Handbook