Ukuhlaziya okuPhezulu nokuHlola
Ezingeni elilula kunazo zonke, ukuzulazula kufezwa ngemibono eyaziwa ngokuthi ukufa nokuqapha.
I-pilotage yigama elibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo. Umshayeli wezindiza uveza izimpawu zomhlaba, ezifana nemifula, amadolobha, izikhumulo zezindiza, nezakhiwo kanye nokuhamba ngezinyawo phakathi kwabo. Inkathazo ngokushayela indiza yilokho kuvamile, ukubhekisela akubonwa kalula futhi akukwazi ukubonakala kalula ezimweni eziphansi zokubonakala noma uma umshayeli wezindiza ephuma ngaphandle komzila. Ngakho-ke, umqondo wokubalelwa kwabafileyo uqalisiwe.
Ukubala okuqalile kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokubuka ezibukwayo kanye nesikhathi nokubala kwebanga. Umshayeli wezinyathelo ukhetha izindawo zokuhlola ezitholakala kalula emoyeni futhi zikhonjiswe emephini bese zibala isikhathi esizozithatha ukuze zinyathele kusuka kwelinye iphuzu kuya kwesinye ngokususelwa ebangeni, ezindiza emoyeni, nasezibalweni zomoya. Ama-flight assistants abashayeli bezindiza ekusebenziseni isikhathi nokubala kwebanga futhi umshayeli usebenzisa i-log yokuhlela izindiza ukugcina ithrekhi yezibalo ngesikhathi sezindiza.
Ukuhamba kwe-Radio
Njengoba izindiza zihlomezwa nge-radio navigation aid (NAVAIDS), abagibeli bezindiza bangahamba ngendlela eqondile kunokuba babone ukufa okuwukuphela. Umsakazo we-NAVAIDS ungene kahle ezimweni eziphansi zokubonakala futhi usebenze njengendlela efanele yokulondoloza abaqhubi bezindiza abakhetha ukuthi baphawule ukucabanga okufile. Zibuye ziqondile kakhulu.
Esikhundleni sokubhukuda kusuka endaweni yokuhlola ukuya endaweni yokuhlola, abagibeli bezindiza bangaba nomzila oqondile kuya "kulungiswa" noma kusikhumulo sezindiza. Imisakazo ekhethekile ye-NAVAIDS nayo iyadingeka ekusebenzeni kwe-IFR.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-NAVAIDS zomsakazo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhamba ngezindiza:
- I-ADF / NDB: Ifomu eliyisisekelo kunazo zonke lokuhamba kwemisakazo yi- ADF / NDB . I-NDB iyi-radio beacon emisebentini ye-nondirectional emiswe emhlabatsini iphindze ifake isignali kagesi yonkhe tinkhombandlela. Uma indiza ifakwe isikhombi sokuthola iziqondiso ezizenzakalelayo (ADF), izobonisa isikhundla sezindiza ngokuphathelene nesiteshi se-NDB phansi. Ithuluzi le-ADF ngokuyinhloko isisombululo somcibisholo esabekwe phezu kwesibonakaliso sohlobo lwekhadi lekhampasi. Umcibisholo uvame ukukhomba esiteshini se-NDB, okusho ukuthi uma umshayeli wemoto ekhomba indiza eqondisa umcibisholo endaweni engekho umoya, uzohamba ngqo esiteshini.
I-ADF / NDB i-NAVAID engaphelelwe yisikhathi, futhi isistimu evunyelwe amaphutha. Njengoba uhla lwayo luyi-line-of-sight, umshayeli wezimoto angathola ukufundwa okungalungile ngenkathi ehamba ezinqabeni zezintaba noma kude kakhulu nesiteshi. Uhlelo lubuye lugxile ekuphazanyeni kagesi futhi lungafaka kuphela izindiza ezinqunyelwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Abaningi bayasuswa njengoba i-GPS iba umthombo oyinhloko wokuzulazula.
I-VOR: Eceleni kwe-GPS, uhlelo lwe-VOR cishe lu-NAVAIDS oluvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. I-VOR, ifushane ye-VHF Omnidirectional Range, i-NAVAID esekelwe emsakazweni esebenza ebangeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Iziteshi ze-VOR zikhona phansi futhi zithumela izibonakaliso ezimbili - isignali eyodwa yokuqhubekayo ye-360-degree kanye nesinye isignali esiqondisayo.
Ithuluzi lendiza (OBI) lihumusha umehluko wesigaba phakathi kwezibonakaliso ezimbili futhi ubonisa imiphumela njengengqikithi kwi-OBI (isibonakaliso esiphezulu se-OBI) noma i-HSI (isibonakaliso sendawo esingezansi), kuye ngokuthi iyiphi insimbi esetshenziswayo. Ngefomu layo eliyisisekelo, i-OBI noma i-HSI ekhombisa ukuthi isuka esiteshini indiza isendaweni nokuthi ingabe indiza ibhayela noma isuka esiteshini.
Ama-VOR anembile kakhulu kunama-NDB futhi awanamaphutha amancane, nakuba ukwamukelwa kusengakapheli ukukhanya kwe-line kuphela.
I-DME: Isixhobo Sokulinganisa Ukulinganisa singenye ye-NAVAIDS elula kakhulu futhi ewusizo kuze kube yimanje. Kuyindlela eyisisekelo esebenzisa i-transponder endizeni ukuze inqume isikhathi esithathayo isignali yokuya uye esiteshini se-DME. I-DME idlulisela kumafomethi we-UHF futhi ihlanganisa ibanga elide lokuhamba. I-transponder endizeni ibonisa ibanga elitshumi lemitha yamanzi.
Isiteshi esisodwa se-DME singasingatha izindiza eziyi-100 ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi zivame ukuhlala zikhona neziteshi zomhlabathi ze-VOR.
- I-ILS: Uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwezinsimbi (i-ILS) uhlelo lwezinsimbi zokusebenza olusetshenziselwa ukuqondisa izindiza ukuya emgwaqweni ukusuka kwisigaba sokufinyelela sezindiza. Isebenzisa izibonakaliso zomsakazo ezizungezile nezingezansi ezikhishwe ukusuka ephuzu elihambisana nomgwaqo. Lezi zibonakaliso zithatha ukunika ulwazi lomhlaba oqondile lwendlela yokushayela ngesimo se-glideslope - indlela eqhubekayo yokuma, eya endleleni ekupheleni komgwaqo. Izinhlelo ze-ILS ziyasetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla njengenye yezinhlelo zokufinyelela ezinembile kakhulu ezitholakalayo.
I-GPS
Uhlelo lokubeka umhlaba jikelele lube yindlela ewusizo kakhulu yokuhamba emhlabeni wezindiza zanamuhla. I-GPS iboniswe ukuthi inokwethenjelwa ngokweqile futhi inembile futhi cishe i-NAVAID evame ukusetshenziswa namuhla.
Uhlelo lokubeka umhlaba jikelele lusebenzisa ama-satellites angu-24 eMnyango Wezokuvikela we-US ukuze unikeze idatha eqondile yendawo, njengendawo yezindiza, ithrekhi, isivinini, kanye nabagibeli. Uhlelo lwe-GPS lusebentisa i-triangulation kucondza simo lesifanele sezindiza emhlabeni. Ukuze ube nenembile, uhlelo lwe-GPS kufanele lukwazi ukuqoqa idatha kusuka okungenani ama-satellite amathathu okubeka ukuma kwe-2-D, nama-satellites angu-4 ngokuma kwe-3-D.
I-GPS isibe indlela ekhethiwe yokuhamba ngenxa yokunemba nokulula ukusetshenziswa. Nakuba kuneziphambeko ezihlobene ne-GPS, azivamile. Izinhlelo ze-GPS zingasetshenziswa noma kuphi emhlabeni, ngisho nasezindaweni zezintaba, futhi azijwayele amaphutha womsakazo we-NAVAIDS, njengokungaboni kahle kwe-line-of-sight nokugesi.
Ukusetshenziswa Okusebenzayo kwe-NAVAIDS:
Abashayeli bezindiza bazohamba ngaphansi kwemithetho yokubuka indiza (VFR) noma imithetho yezindiza yendiza (i-IFR), kuye ngezimo zezulu. Phakathi nezimo zezulu ezibukwayo (VMC), umshayeli angase ahambe ngokusebenzisa umshayeli wokuhlola nokufa okulinganayo yedwa, noma angasebenzisa ama-radio navigation noma amasu okuhamba nge-GPS. Ukuhamba okuyisisekelo kufundiswa ngezigaba zakuqala zokuqeqesha indiza.
Esimo sezulu se-instrument (IMC) noma ngenkathi ihamba nge-IFR, umshayeli wezindiza uzodinga ukuncika ezintweni zokubamba i-cockpit, njenge-VOR noma uhlelo lwe-GPS. Ngoba ukushayela emafwini nokuhamba ngalezi zinsimbi kungaba yinkimbinkimbi, umshayeli wemoto kufanele athole i- FAA Instrument Rating ukuze ahambe ezimweni ze-IMC ngokusemthethweni.
Njengamanje, i-FAA igcizelela ukuqeqeshwa okusha kwabashayeli bezindiza abanzi bezindiza ezithuthukisiwe kwezobuchwepheshe (TAA) . I-TAA yizindiza ezithuthukile izinhlelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe, njenge-GPS. Ngisho nezindiza zemidlalo ezilula ziphuma efektri ezinezinsiza eziphambili kulezi zinsuku. Kungaba ukudideka nokuyingozi kumshayeli wokuzama ukuzama ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela zokusebenza zezinkampani zanamuhla ngokushayela ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe, futhi amazinga okuqeqesha we-FAA amanje awazange aqhubeke nalolu daba.
Uhlelo lwe- FITS olubuyekeziwe olwenziwe yi- FAA lwagcina lubhekene nalolu daba, nakuba uhlelo lusekhona ngokuzithandela.