Ubusha Kunokuba Bubuke
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi emiphenyweni yobugebengu ngandlela-thile noma enye ikhona kusukela ngaphambili ngaphambi koMbuso WaseRoma, umbono wezesayensi yezobunhloli njengesiyalo kanye nemisebenzi ayikho cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ubudala.
Kuye kuphela phakathi nekhulu lokugcina ukuthi izinhlaka zomthetho zisebenza futhi izinkantolo zithembele kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhuba yesayensi ekuphenyweni kwendawo yobugebengu.
Kuze kube phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi ekuphenyweni kwaziwa futhi kwaxoxwa, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezimiso zesayensi kwakungakaze kugcwaliswe ngokuphelele. Kuwo wonke umlando, kuye kwaba nezibonelo zobufakazi obuhlukahlukene obuholela ekukholweni noma ekukhulumeni okubonakala kubonakala kuhambisana nalokho esikuziyo ukuthi siyabona njengababikezeli.
Izinqubekela phambili ezisheshayo
Kodwa phakathi neminyaka ye-1800, ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso sesayensi ekuphenyweni kobugebengu kwashesha. Izindwangu kanye nezitshalo zemifino kwakusetshenziselwa ukubeka abasolwa emacala obugebengu. Ukusungulwa kwekhamera kwaletha ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe ukuze kubhalwe phansi futhi kugcinwe izigcawu zobugebengu. I-hydrogen peroxide itholakale ibe foam njengoba ixiliswe lapho ixhumana ne-hemoglobin, ekhombisa ikhono lokuhlola ukutholakala kwegazi.
Zonke lezi zintuthuko zafika ngokushesha futhi zithukuthele futhi zihlangene ukuletha intshiseko entsha kulesi sayensi ngaphakathi kwezobugebengu . Amanoveli emfihlakalo kanye nezindatshana ezifunwa yi-detective zathola ukuthandwa emasikweni ajwayelekile, eholwa abalingiswa abalulekile njengeSkylock Holmes oyisiqhwaga sikaSir Arthur Conan Doyle.
Amafingerprints Phakamisa Indlela
Yiqiniso, lezi zonke zaziyizici ezibalulekile zokwanda kwesayensi yezobunhloli njengesiyalo.
Mhlawumbe okwakusengaphambili kakhulu okwakusengaphambili kwakuyizinto ezizimele zeziNgisi uHenry Faulds noWilliam Herschel kanye nososayensi waseMelika uThomas Taylor obala ukuhluka kwamakhophi wesintu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabo okungenzeka ekuboneni abantu abaholela ekuqaliseni nasekuqinisekiseni imikhuba eyamukelekile ngaphakathi kwesayensi yezokwelapha .
UDkt. Edmond Locard, uPhayona
Akukho okushiwo ngomlando wesayensi yezobunhloli obungapheli ngaphandle kokuxoxisana ngeminikelo emikhulu kaDkt. Edmond Locard, ososayensi waseFrance, kanye nesazi sezobugebengu esasifunde umthetho nemithi. U-Locard uhlongoze umbono wokuthi "konke kushiya umkhondo," isimiso esithatha namuhla ebucwanini bokuhlola uphenyo.
I-Locard's Exchange Principle yabeka umqondo wokuthi yonke into nayo yonke into engena endaweni yobugebengu ishiya ubufakazi obuningi ngemuva. Ngokufanayo, wonke umuntu nento yonke athatha ingxenye yecala lobugebengu nabo lapho behamba.
I-Lab Yokuqala Yobugebengu
Inkolelo nokucwaninga kuka Locard kuholela ekuqinisekiseni umnyango wamaphoyisa eLyon, eFrance ukumnikeza ihhovisi kanye nabasebenzi ukuhlaziya ubufakazi obutholakala ebugebengu. Amakamelo amabili e-attic kanye nabasizi bakhe ababili baqala ukuba yi-laboratory yokuqala yezobugebengu emhlabeni.
Okukhethekile kwiScience Forensic
Namuhla, insimu yesayensi ye-forensic nayo yonke ibhubhe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kuvumela ukuhlaziywa okungcono nokuqonda izimiso zesayensi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobufakazi. Lokhu nakho, kuvumela abaphenyi bendawo ukuba baphume futhi bazuze ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezifana ne- bloodstain pattern analysis kanye ne- ballistics .
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA
Ukuthuthukiswa kwekhulu leminyaka lama-20 kwakhiwe ngokuyinhloko phezu kwesisekelo esakhiwe ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, ukufeza amasu kokubili ukuhlaziywa nokulondolozwa kobufakazi. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1900, mhlawumbe ukuqhuma okukhulu kwesenzo sobugebengu okwenziwa uphenyo kusukela kokubhala ngomunwe kwaba umkhuba ojwayelekile kwafika ekuhlaleni kweDNA nokuhlonza.
Ikusasa leSayensi Yezobuchwepheshe
Ukusetshenziswa kwamuva kwe-DNA emiphenyweni yobugebengu akubangelanga nje kuphela ekuboneni izigebengu ezingenakubalwa, kodwa futhi kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwezinkolelo zangaphambili nasekukhululweni kwamakhulu abantu abangenacala.
Ngokuthuthuka okusha kwezobuchwepheshe bamaphoyisa kanye nesayensi yekhompiyutha, ukuphenywa kwesimo sobugebengu kanye nesayensi yezokwelapha kuzoba ngokuqondile njengoba sihamba esikhathini esizayo.
Ukusebenza eSayensi Ye-Forensic
Ukusebenza njengomphenyi womlando wezobugebengu kungaba yinto enhle kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi le nsimu isencane, imisebenzi yezesayensi yesikhulumi ingakufaka emkhakheni wezinkambiso ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe kanye nocwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzokwazi ukulala ngokuqaphela ukuthi usebenza ukuletha ubulungiswa nokusiza abanye.