Ukuthuthukiswa kweWebhu akuyona into eyodwa kuphela. Ihlanganisa amakhemikhali amaningi, futhi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebenzi ngaphakathi kwesikhala sokuthuthukisa iwebhu. Amagama amathathu asetshenziswe kaningi "ukuphela kokugcina," "ukuphelela emuva," kanye "nokugcwala okugcwele." Nakhu umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zintathu.
Intuthuko Yewebhu Ye-Front-End
Ukuthuthukiswa kwangaphambili, kanti izingxenye zayo zihlala ziguquka, zibhekene nezinkampani ezibhekene ne-website noma isicelo sewebhu.
Ekuqaleni kwayo, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphela kokugcina kuhilela i-HTML, i-CSS, ne-JavaScript.
- I-HTML : Ulimi lwe-Markup HyperText, noma i-HTML, liyingxenye eyinhloko yokwakha yonke amawebhusayithi e-intanethi. Ngaphandle kwalo, amakhasi ewebhu ayikwazi ukukhona.
- I-CSS : I-CSS ineza isitayela ku-HTML. Ngithanda ukusebenzisa ukufanisa ukuthi i-HTML ifana nesimo no-CSS kufana ne-makeup.
- I-JavaScript : I-JavaScript, noma i-JS, iguqukile eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kokuphela kokugcina, i-JS ibalulekile ngoba isiza ukwenza amakhasi wewebhu asebenze.
Ngokuvamile, ukuphela kwangaphambili kuhlotshaniswa nemigomo yokuhlela nokuklama. Kodwa-ke, abathuthukisi bokugcina abasibo abaqambi abasibo abaqambi.
Ngokuyinhloko, abakhi be-front-end bakha ukubukeka kwangaphandle - amakhasi ewebhu abasebenzisi abambonayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthuthukisi wokugcina kufanele acabangele ukufundwa nokusetshenziswa kwesayithi kanye / noma isicelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphela kwangaphambili kugijimela iklayenti - okusho ikhompyutha yendawo yomsebenzisi - ezimweni eziningi, isiphequluli sewebhu.
Futhi ulwazi alugcini kwicala leklayenti.
Intuthuko Yewebhu Ye-Back-End
Ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhu kokugcina emuva okuqhubekayo ngemuva kwezigcawu. Ukuphela komugqa kwenza isipiliyoni sokuphela kwangaphambili.
Ukuze wenze izinto zibe lula, cabanga ngomphetho wangaphambili njengengxenye yeqhwa elingaphezu kwamanzi. Yilokho okubonwa ngumsebenzisi - isayithi elibukeka kahle.
Ukuphela komhlane yilo lonke iqhwa; akukwazi ukubonwa ngumsebenzisi wokugcina, kodwa kuyisici esibaluleke kunazo zonke kwesicelo sewebhu. Ukuphela komva kugijima kuseva, noma, njengoba kubizwa njalo, "iseva-side".
Ngokungafani nokuthuthukiswa kokuphela kokuphela (okuyinto ngokuyinhloko kusebenzisa i-HTML, i-CSS, neJavaScript), ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhu ekugcineni kungathembela ezilimini nezilimi eziningi.
Izilimi ezimbalwa ezithandwayo ezisetshenziselwa emuva emuva zihlanganisa:
- I-Ruby (evame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nohlaka lwe-Rails - i-AKA Ruby ku-Rails)
- I-python (ejwayele ukusetshenziselwa uhlaka lwe-Django ngemuva kokuphela)
- I-PHP (i-WordPress CMS ethandwayo isebenzisa i-PHP ekupheleni kwayo-PHP inezinhlaka ezimbalwa ezithandwayo, enye i-Laravel)
- I-Node.js (ukuthola ukuthandwa kakhulu - lokhu kuyimvelo yokugcina emuva yezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu ezakhiwe nge-JavaScript)
Noma kunjalo, ukuze amawebhusayithi amakhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu zisebenze, kungaphezu kolimi nohlaka oluphelile. Yonke imininingwane kuwebhusayithi noma isicelo kufanele igcinwe endaweni ethile.
Yilapho imininingwane yolwazi ifika khona. Abathuthukisi be-back-end baphatha lokhu futhi.
( Qaphela : ungakha iwebhusayithi ngaphandle kwedatha ngokusebenzisa i-HTML ne-CSS kuphela. Lokhu kuzoba yisayithi le-static futhi ngeke kube lula kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, isayithi elithembele emininingwaneni ukuze livuselelwe - Facebook, Yelp, noma yiliphi indawo ye-e-commerce - idinga imininingwane.)
Ulwazi oludumile lubandakanya:
- I-MySQL
- I-PostgreSQL
- I-MongoDB
- Futhi abanye
Ngokuvamile izilimi ezithile / izikhombisi-ndlela eziphelile zidinga imininingwane ethile. Isibonelo, uhlaka lwe-MEAN olugcwele lwe-stack ludinga i-MongoDB.
Ngaphandle kokwazi ulimi / uhlaka lokugcina emuva nokusebenza kolwazi, abathuthukisi bokugcina kumele nabo babe nokuqonda kwesakhiwo se-server.
Ukusetha iseva ngokufanele kuvumela isayithi ukuthi igijime ngokushesha, ingaphumeleki, futhi inganiki amaphutha kubasebenzisi. Lokhu kuwela ngaphansi kwesizinda sokuthuthukiswa kokwehlisa isipiliyoni ngoba amaphutha amaningi ayenzeka ngemuva kokuphela, hhayi ukuphela kokuphela.
I-Stack egcwele
Yebo, uyiqagele: I-stack egcwele yinhlanganisela kokubili kokuphela kokugcina nokuphela kokugcina.
Umthuthukisi we-stack ogcwele yi-jack-of-all-trades. Bayibophezele kuwo wonke amazinga okuthuthukiswa, kusukela ukuthi iseva isethelwe kanjani ku-CSS ehlobene nokuklama.
Lezi zinsuku, kuningi okungena ekuthuthukiseni iwebhu ukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukusingatha izinhlangothi zombili. Ngenkathi abantu abaningi bengathi bangaba yi-stack egcwele, noma empeleni kunjalo, namanje bagxila ngaphezulu kolunye uhlangothi: iklayenti noma iseva. (I-AKA ekugcineni noma ngemuva kokuphela.)
Ezikhathini ezincane / izinkampani ezincane, kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu oyedwa uzoba necala kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zentuthuko yewebhu. Kodwa-ke, ezinkampanini ezinkulu, abantu basebenza emaqenjini futhi banezindima ezikhethekile - eyodwa igxila kuphela kwizakhiwo zeseva, enye (noma abantu abambalwa) ekupheleni kwangaphambili, njll.
Isiphetho
Ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhu kunobuso obuningi, futhi buyaqhubeka nsuku zonke. Kuningi okumele ufunde, kodwa ungazizwa ucindezelwe ukuba ufunde konke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Khumbula, endaweni yokusebenza, uzovame ukuba eqenjini nabanye. Gxila ekuhlonipheni amakhono akho kwisici esisodwa sokuthuthukiswa kwewebhu ngesikhathi. Ungapheli amandla, futhi uzoba yip pro ngaphambi kokuba wazi.