Uhlobo lwe-Omkhulu-Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) uhlelo lwendlela yokuhamba emoyeni . Nakuba ikhulile kune- GPS , i-VORs isetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ibe ngumthombo onokwethenjelwa wemininingwane yokuhamba kusukela eminyakeni yama-1960, futhi isebenza njengendlela ewusizo yokuhamba ngezindiza eziningi ngaphandle kwemisebenzi ye-GPS.
I-VOR System Components
Uhlelo lwe-VOR lwakhiwe isakhi somhlabathi kanye nendiza yomamukeli wezindiza.
Iziteshi zomhlabathi ze-VOR zitholakala futhi ziphuma ezikhungweni zezindiza ukuze zihlinzeke ngolwazi oluqondisayo kubashayeli bezimoto zombili zomgwaqo futhi ngesikhathi sokufika nokuhamba. Uhlelo lwe-VOR lisetshenziselwa kakhulu, futhi abashayeli bezindiza bangasasebenzisa i-VORs ukuhamba lonke leli zwe.
Imishini yezindiza ihlanganisa i-antenna ye-VOR, i-VOR imvamisa ukhethwa, kanye nensimbi ye-cockpit. Uhlobo lwensimbi luyahlukahluka kodwa luzoba nolunye lwezinto ezilandelayo: Isibonakaliso se-Omni-Bearing Indicator (OBI), Isimo Esimo Esimisiwe (i-HSI) noma Isibonakaliso SeMagnetic Indicator (RMI), noma inhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene.
Isixhobo sokulinganisa ubude (i-DME) sivame ukuhlanganiswa nge-VOR ukunikeza abashayeli bezindiza isibonakaliso esinqunyiwe sokuhamba kwezindiza kusuka esiteshini se-VOR.
I-VOR ibe nekhono lokusakaza ngezwi, futhi i-VOR ngayinye ine-identifier ikhodi yayo ye-Morse eyasakazwa kubashayeli bezindiza. Iqinisekisa ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza bahamba ngesiteshi esilungile se-VOR, njengoba kuningi izindawo eziningi ze-VOR ngaphakathi kwendiza eyodwa.
Isebenza kanjani
Isiteshi somhlabathi se-VOR sihambisana nenyakatho yasenyakatho, futhi sithumela izibonakaliso ezimbili - isignali eguquguqukayo engu-360-degree kanye nesignali ye-Omni-directional reference. Izimpawu ziqhathaniswa nesamukeli sezindiza, futhi umehluko wesigaba phakathi kwabo ulinganiswa, unikeze indawo eqondile yendiza futhi ibonise ku-OBI, HSI noma i-RMI.
I-VOR iza nemisebenzi eminingi ehlukene nezinsizakalo: Ephakeme, Ephansi neyokuphela. Izindawo eziphakeme eziphezulu ze-VOR zingasetshenziswa kuze kube ngamamitha angu-60 000 no-130 ububanzi bamamayela obubanzi. Izindiza zezindiza ze-VORs ezisezingeni eliphansi kuze kube yizinyawo ezingu-18 000 futhi zifike ngamamayela angu-40 ububanzi obubanzi. I-Terminal VORs ihamba ngamamitha angu-12 000 namamayela angu-25 e-nautical. Inethiwekhi ye-VORs ihlinzeka ngokugcwele ngokuhambisana nemizila ye-VFR kanye ne-IFR eshicilelwe.
Amaphutha we-VOR
Njenganoma yisiphi isistimu, i-VOR ihambisana nezinkinga ezithile ezingenzeka. Ngenkathi inembile kakhulu futhi isebenziseka kunomshini we- NDB endala, i-VOR iseseyimboni yokubona i-line-of-sight. Abashayeli bezindiza ezindizayo ezindaweni eziphansi noma ezintabeni bangase bakuthole kunzima ukubona indawo ye-VOR ngempumelelo.
Futhi, kukhona "i-cone of confusion" lapho ibhayela eduze kwe-VOR. Ngesikhathi esifushane lapho indiza iqhuma eduze noma ngaphezulu kwesiteshi se-VOR, ithuluzi lendiza linikeza ukufundwa okungalungile.
Okokugcina, izinhlelo ze-VOR zomhlabathi zidinga ukugcinwa njalo, futhi ngokuvamile zivele zingakapheli isikhathi esifushane ngenkathi isondlo senziwa.
Izicelo ezisebenzayo zesistimu yokuhamba nge-VOR:
Ngemuva kokuthi kulungiswe imvamisa yesiteshi se-VOR futhi ikhomba ukuthi ikhodi ye-Morse ilungile, umshayeli wezindiza uzokwazi ukuthola ukuthi yikuphi ukukhanya kwesikhashana ku-VOR esiteshini.
Isibonakaliso se-OBI, i-HSI noma i-RMI ku-cockpit sibukeka njengekhampasi noma isibonakaliso esiphezulu, ngenaliti ephakeme kakhulu ye-Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) kuyo. I-CDI izozivumelanisa ne-radial ukuthi indiza ivuliwe. Ifakwe nge-DME, umshayeli wezindiza anganquma indawo eqondile esiteshini.
Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi ezimbili ze-VOR kwenza ukuthi kutholakale indawo eqondile nakakhulu kunembile ngokusebenzisa ama-cross-radials, ngisho ngaphandle kwe-DME.
Abashayeli bezindiza bahamba ngemikhakha ethile eya ku-VORs noma indlela ehamba phambili yokuhamba. I-Airways ivame ukuklanywa futhi isuka ku-VOR izakhiwo ukuze kube lula ukusetshenziswa.
Ngendlela yayo eyisisekelo, isikhungo se-VOR singasetshenziselwa ukuya ngqo esikhumulweni sezindiza. Inamba enkulu yezindawo ze-VOR zisezindaweni zesikhumulo sezindiza, okuvumela ngisho nabaqhubi bezindiza ukuba bahambe ngqo kwi-VOR ukuthola isikhumbuzo sezindiza kalula.
Uhlelo lwe-VOR lusengozini yokukhishwa yi-FAA ngenxa yokuthandwa kobuchwepheshe obusha njenge-GPS, WAAS , ne-ADS-B. Okwamanje, abaqhubi bezindiza bazoqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-VOR njengendlela eyisikhungo sokuqala yokuhamba, kodwa esikhathini esizayo esikude, njengoba izindiza eziningi nangaphezulu zihlomele abalamukeli be-GPS, ama-VOR angase asethathe umhlalaphansi kusukela ekusebenziseni.