Umthetho 304 we-Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM) uvumela abaphathi ukuba babeke "izivimbelo zangaphambi kokuhlolwa" ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Ukuvimbela kwangaphambili ukuziphatha okuyisimiso sokuziphatha noma ukuvikelwa ngokomzimba ekukhululweni komuntu okubekiwe ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokukhubazeka kwamacala. Ukuvinjelwa kwangaphambili kungase kube nomkhawulo endaweni yokuboshwa, ukuboshwa, ukuboshwa, noma izimo zokukhululeka.
Ukuvimbela endaweni yokuboshwa
Ukuvimbela endaweni yokuboshwa kungukuvimbela komuntu ngomlomo noma ngomyalelo obhaliwe oqondisa lowo muntu ukuba ahlale emingcele ecacisiwe; umuntu ovinjiwe, ngaphandle uma eqondisiwe, enze imisebenzi egcwele yempi ngenkathi evinjelwe.
Ukuboshwa
Ukuboshwa kuyisibopho somuntu ngomlomo noma ngokubhalwe phansi okungahambisani nokujeziswa, ukuqondisa lowo muntu ukuba ahlale emingcele ecacisiwe; umuntu onesibopho sokuboshwa angeke adingeke enze imisebenzi egcwele yezempi njengokulawula noma ukuqondisa abasebenzi, ukukhonza njengomlindi, noma ukuphatha izikhali. Isimo sokuboshwa siphelela ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho umuntu efakwe, egunyazwe ukuthi ubophe ukuboshwa noma igunya eliphakeme, emsebenzini ongavumelani nesimo sokuboshwa, kodwa lokhu ngeke kuvimbele ukuthi umuntu oboshwe enze ukuhlanzwa okuvamile noma ukuphoyisa, noma ukuze uhlanganyele ekuqeqeshweni okujwayelekile kanye nemisebenzi.
Ukulungiswa
Ukuvalelwa ngokweqile kungukuvimbela ngokomzimba, okubekwa ngumyalelo wegunya elifanele, ukunqanda umuntu wenkululeko elinde ukulungiswa kwamacala. Kunemikhawulo eqinile kakhulu yokuthi ngabe ukuvalelwa kuvunyelwe noma cha. Bheka isihloko sethu sokuQiniswa kokuQala ngaphambi kokuthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa.
Izimo Ngokukhululeka
Izimo zokukhululeka zifakwe imiyalo eqondisa umuntu ukuba ayenze noma ayeke ukwenza izenzo ezicacisiwe.
Imibandela enjalo ingabekwa ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izinhlobo zokuvimbela noma ngokwehlukana. "Umyalo Wokuvikelwa Kwezempi" uwela ngaphansi kwesigaba esithi "Izimo Zokukhululeka."
Ngokungafani nenqubo yobulungiswa yombuso efuna ukuthi ijaji linikeze umyalelo wokuzivikela noma wokuvimbela, empini, noma yisiphi isikhulu esithunyelwe singenza isimo sokukhululeka kunoma yiluphi ilunga elibhalisiwe. Isikhulu esiphezulu segunya elilodwa ilunga elibhekene nalo lingafaka isimiso sokukhululeka kwesikhulu esithunyelwe noma se-warrant. Igunya lokubeka isimo sokukhululeka kukhomishana noma i-warrant isikhulu angeke sinikezwe.
Kodwa-ke, isikhulu esilawulayo singadlulisela emagunyeni, amancane, kanye namagunya angasetshenzisiwe igunya lokubeka izimo ngokukhululeka kwabantu ababhalwe umyalo we-commanding noma ngaphansi kwegunya laleso sikhulu. Isibonelo, kuvamile ukuthi abaphathi banikeze igunya lokubeka izimo ezikhululekile kuma-sergeants abo okuqala.
Iziphathimandla azikwazi ukubeka izimo ngokukhululeka. Ukuze i-oda lokuvikela livumeleke, kufanele kube "nenkolelo enengqondo" ukuthi:
- Icala elikhokhiswa yi-court-war lenziwe;
- Umuntu okumele avinjelwe uzibophezele; futhi
- Ukuvimbela ukuyala kuyadingeka ngezimo.
Nazi ezinye izibonelo lapho iziphathimandla zempi zizobeka khona isimo sokukhululeka:
- Umkhomishana uthola ulwazi olunikeza inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ilungu lomyalo wakhe lihambisana nomuntu oshadile. Umlawuli uyala ilungu ukuba lingalokothi lithintane nomuntu kuze kube yilapho isihlukaniso siphelile.
- I-sergeant yokuqala isabela esimweni sasekhaya endlini yomunye wabasebenzi ababhalisiwe abelwe umyalo wakhe. Lapho efika, ubona ubufakazi bokuthi kuhlaselwa. I-sergeant yokuqala iyala ilungu lezempi ukuthi lilale emakolishi ngalobobusuku, futhi liyala ilungu ukuba lingathintana nomlingani wakhe kuze kube yilapho isaziso esengeziwe.
- Isikhulu esithunyelwe sivusa ukulwa phakathi kwamalungu amabili abhalisiwe. Ubayala ukuba bangathintana nomunye nomunye kuze kube yilapho eqhubeka isaziso.
- I-sergeant yokuqala ikwaziswa ukuthi omunye wamalungu akhe abhalisiwe uye wabhekana amasheke amaningana. Uyala ilungu elibhalisiwe ukuba lingabhalisi nanoma yikuphi ukuhlola kuze kufike esinye isaziso.
- Ilungu lilindele isinqumo ngokuthi uzoba yinkantolo-martialed noma cha. Njengoba izinqumo ngezinye izikhathi kuthatha amasonto amaningana, ucela ukuba ahambe (eholidini) isonto, futhi umlawuli uyayamukela. Umlawuli uyala ilungu ukuba libize umphathi wakhe usuku ngalunye ngenkathi ehamba ukuze angene.
Nakuba izimo eziningi zokukhululeka zilotshiwe, akukho mfuneko yokuthi zibe njalo. Ukuhlelwa komlomo kuyasebenza. Isikhathi esiningi igunya lizobeka isimo senkulumo ngokukhululeka bese silandela ngokulandelana okulotshiwe uma isikhathi sivuma.
Isimo sokukhululeka ngumthetho wezomthetho. Uma ilunga liphula umyalelo, ungaphansi kwesigatshana esingafani nesigwebo esifanayo se-Military Justice (UCMJ) se- Article 90 , ngokuzibophezela ngokuzibophezela isikhulu esiphezulu esiphethwe yi-Superior Commissioned Officer , i- Article 91 , ngokuzibophezela ngokuzithandela umyalelo ovumelekile we-Warrant Officer, isikhulu esingekho emthethweni , noma isikhulu esincane , noma i- Article 92 , ukuhluleka ukulalela umyalelo noma umthethonqubo .