Yingakho, isibonelo, kungabhekwa "ubugebengu" ukuba bufinyelele emsebenzini emsebenzini wakho, kepha "ubugebengu" buzophela isikhathi sokusebenza e-Military (ukwephulwa kweSigaba 86 seKhodi Elingavamile Yezobulungiswa BaseMpi , noma i-UCMJ).
Umphathi wezempi unezindlela eziningana ezitholakalayo zokuphoqelela ukuhleleka nokuhleleka ngaphakathi kweyunithi, kusukela ezinyathelweni zokuphatha ezincane ezifana nokululekwa okusemthethweni noma okungavumelekile kwi-General Courts Martials, lapho umuntu angagwetshwa khona umsebenzi onzima, noma ngisho nokubulawa .
Ingxenye I yalesi sihloko inikeza isizinda esijwayelekile seSistimu YezobuLungiswa Kwezempi yase-United States.
Ezinye izihloko ezihlobene zihlanganisa:
- Ukululekwa, ama-Reprimands, nokuqeqesha okwengeziwe . Ukwelulekwa kungaba okusemthethweni noma okungakahleleki. Kungaba futhi ngamazwi noma kungabhalwa. Kungaba kuhle (pat ngemuva) noma kungalungisa. Ukusola noma iseluleko "ukuhlafuna." Kungaba ngamazwi, noma kungabhalwa. Izikhalo ezibhalwe phansi kanye neziyalo zinganikeza "irekhodi lomkhondo," okungasetshenziswa kamuva ukuqondisa isijeziso ngaphansi kweSigaba 15, noma izinkinga zokuphatha nokukhishwa. Ukuqeqeshwa okungeziwe akufani "nemisebenzi eyengeziwe" enikezwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 15. Imisebenzi eyengeziwe "iyisijeziso," ukuqeqesha okungeziwe akuyona. Ukuze kube ngokomthetho, "ukuqeqeshwa okungeziwe" kufanele kube nokuqondakala ngokuphathelene nokuntuleka kokulungiswa.
- Ukukhishwa kokuphatha . Ukukhishwa kokuphatha kugunyaziwe ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ukujatshuliswa kokukhishwa kokuphatha kungadunyiswa, jikelele (ngaphansi kwemibandela ehloniphekile), kanye nomunye kunokuhlonipha.
- Isigaba 15 . Eyaziwa nangokuthi "isijeziso esingenabulungisa," noma "iMast" (KuNavy / Coast Guard, naseMarines). Lokhu kuwuhlobo lwe-"court-court war" kanye nomlawuli ophethe ijaji kanye nejaji. Isetshenziselwa ubugebengu obuncane (okungalungile) ngaphansi kwe-UCMJ. Isijeziso esinikezwe igunya sinqunywe yisigaba somlawuli kanye nesigaba sommangalelwa. Ezimweni eziningi, umuntu angayenqaba isijeziso se-Article 15, futhi afune ukuhlolwa icala enkantolo.
- Ukuzikhethela . Abezizwe bavikelekile ekuziphatheni okuzibandakanyekayo ngokuchitshiyelwa kwesihlanu. Izisebenzi zezempi nazo zivikelwe, ngeSigaba 31 se-UCMJ.
- Ukumiswa kwangaphambili nokuPhenywa kokuPhezulu . Isosha alikho uhlelo "lwebheyili". Kodwa, kunezimiso ezikhethekile okumelwe zilandelwe uma ilungu lezempi livalelwe ngaphambi kwenkantolo. Isigaba 32 Ukuphenywa kwangaphambi komthetho kuyinhlangano yezempi yama-Grand Jury.
- Ama-Martials eNkantolo . Lezi yizinto "ezinkulu". Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamartials enkantolo: Ukufingqa, okukhethekile, kanye nokujwayelekile. Ukukholelwa yiNkantolo ekhethekile noma ejwayelekile kungase kube " ukukholelwa okukhohlisayo ." I-Court Martials ingabhadela izinhlawulo, ukunciphisa, "ukukhishwa kwezijeziso," kanye nesikhathi sejele (emsebenzini okhuni). I-General Courts Martials ingafaka ngisho nokugwetshwa isigwebo sokufa ngenxa yezecala ezithile.
- Isigaba 138 Izikhalazo . I-UCMJ inikeza indlela yamalungu ezempi ukufaka isikhalazo uma "iphoswe" ngumphathi wabo. Lokhu kungenye yamathuluzi anamandla kunawo wonke kodwa angasetshenzisiwe ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa bezempi, ukuze amalungu agqugquzele amalungelo abo.
Umlando Wezempi
Umthetho wezempi (ubulungiswa bezempi) yigatsha lomthetho olawula ukusekwa kwempi kahulumeni.
Kujeziswa ngokuphelele noma ukujeziswa kwemvelo futhi, e-United States, kufaka futhi kufana nomthetho wezenzo zobugebengu. Imithombo yayo iningi futhi ihluke, ezinye zihlukumeza kakhulu i-United States noMthethosisekelo wayo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kusetshenziswa uMthethosisekelo ukuthi uMthetho wethu woMphakathi waqala ukuba khona, uMthethosisekelo ungabhekwa kahle njengomthombo oyinhloko womthetho olawula izikhungo zethu zempi. Ngokuhambisana noMthethosisekelo, kuneminye imithombo, kokubili ebhaliwe futhi engabhalwanga, ebusa impi futhi: Umthetho wamazwe omhlaba wanikela ngomthetho wempi nezinyathelo eziningi ezithinta ukusungulwa kwezempi; I-Congress yanikele ngeKhodi Elingavamile Yezobulungiswa BaseMpi (UCMJ) nezinye izimiso; Ama-oda aphezulu, kuhlanganise ne-Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), imithetho yomsebenzi; ukusetshenziswa kanye namasiko weMpi Yezempi kanye nempi; futhi, ekugcineni, uhlelo lwekhotho lunikeze izinqumo zayo zansuku zonke ukucacisa izindawo ezimpunga.
Zonke lezi zakha umthetho wethu wezempi.
Umthethosisekelo wase-US. Umthombo womthethosisekelo wezomthetho wezempi uvela emigodini emibili: labo abafaka amandla athile egatsheni lomthetho nalabo abanikeza igunya elithile egatsheni eliphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchitshiyelwa kwesihlanu kubona ukuthi amacala eziMpi eziPhezulu azobhekwa ngokuhambisana nomthetho wezempi.
Amandla anikezwe iCongress. Ngaphansi kwesigaba 8 se-Article I, uMthethosisekelo wase-US, iCongress inikwe igunya loku:
- ukuchaza nokujezisa amacala ngokumelene nomthetho wezizwe
- ukumemezela impi, ukunikeza izincwadi zamarque nokuhlambalaza, futhi wenze imithetho ephathelene nokuthunjwa komhlaba nasemanzini
- ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho
- ukuhlinzeka nokugcina i-navy
- ukwenza imithetho kahulumeni kanye nokulawulwa kwe
- umhlaba kanye nempi yempi
- ukuhlinzekela ukubiza amaphoyisa
- ukuhlinzekela ukuhlelwa, ukulwa, nokuqondisa izikhali kanye nokulawula leyo ngxenye yazo njengoba ingase isetshenziswe enkonzweni ye-United States; futhi
- ngokujwayelekile, yenza yonke imithetho edingekayo futhi efanelekile ekufezeni amandla angaphambilini kanye nawo wonke amandla anikezwe nguMthethosisekelo kuhulumeni wase-United States noma kunoma yimuphi umnyango noma isikhulu sakhe.
Isiphathimandla esinikezwe uMongameli . Ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo, uMengameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weMpi yamaSulumane ase-United States, futhi, uma ebizwa nge-Federal Service, uMongameli usebenza njengoMongameli weNhloko yamabutho ahlukene ahulumeni. UMthethosisekelo uphinde unike amandla uMongameli, ngokuvumelana neSenate, ukuba akhethe izikhulu zamasevisi. UMongameli uthumela bonke abaphathi futhi unesibopho sokubona ukuthi imithetho yezwe lakhonza ngokwethembeka.
Isihluthulelo sesihlanu . Ngesihlanu sesichibiyelo, abakhiqizi bomthethosisekelo baqaphela ukuthi amacala avela enkonzweni yezempi ayedluliselwa ngokuhlukile emacaleni avela empilweni yomphakathi. Isichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza, ngokwengxenye, ukuthi "akekho umuntu ozobanjwa ukuze aphendule ngenkunzi, noma ubugebengu obungenangqondo, ngaphandle uma kunikezwa noma kubekwe icala leJaji Elikhulu, ngaphandle kwamacala avela ezweni noma emagodini, noma i-Militia, lapho isebenza ngempela ngesikhathi seMpi noma ingozi yomphakathi. "
Umthetho Wezwe Lonke . Umthetho wezingxabano ezihlomile uyigatsha lomthetho wamazwe omhlaba obeka amalungelo nezibopho zamaqhawe, abangabambisani, amabhiligerenti, neziboshwa. Iqukethe leyo migomo kanye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngesikhathi sempi, ichaza isimo kanye nobuhlobo hhayi nje kuphela nezitha kodwa nabantu abathintekayo ekulawuleni amasosha.
Izenzo zeCongress . I-UCMJ iqukethwe eSahlukweni 47, Isihloko se-10, i-United States Code, Izigaba 801 kuya ku-940. Nakuba igunya lokwenza imithetho nemithethonqubo yezimpi eziMpi ziMtsetfosisekelo, umthetho wezempi uneminyaka eyikhulu leminyaka. I-athikili ye-UCMJ ichaza amacala aphula umthetho wezempi e-Armed Forces of the United States futhi adalule ilungu lezempi ukuba lijeziswe uma litholakala enecala lenkantolo efanele. Baphinde babeke izidingo ezibanzi zokwenziwa komthetho ezenziwe nguMongameli we-Executive Executive (I-Manual for Courts-Martial [MCM]). Ngelungu, leli khodi liwumthetho omkhulu wezwe njengombuso noma ikhodi ye-Criminal code yombuso.
Imithethonqubo yokuLawula kanye Nezinsizakalo Zomsebenzi . Ngenxa yamandla akhe njengoMongameli oyiNtloko, uMongameli unamandla okumemezela ama-oda aphezulu kanye nemigomo yesevisi ukulawula amabutho ahlomile uma nje engahambisani nanoma yimiphi imibandela eyisisekelo yomthethosisekelo noma eyomthetho. Isigaba 36, i-UCMJ, sigunyaza ngokukhethekile uMongameli ukuba anikeze izinqubo (kufaka nemithetho yobufakazi) okufanele ilandelwe ngaphambi kwezikhulu ezahlukene zempi. Ngokulandelana nala magunya aphezulu, uMongameli usemise i-MCM ekusebenziseni i-UCMJ. UMengameli kanye neCongress baye bagunyaza abalobi bezisebenzi kanye nabaphathi bezempi ukuba basebenzise izinhlinzeko ezahlukene ze-UCMJ kanye ne-MCM nokuthi bahambise imiyalo nemithetho. Izinkantolo zethu zilokhu zithi imithethonqubo yezempi inegunya namandla omthetho uma ihambisana noMthethosisekelo noma izimiso. Imithethonqubo kanye nemilayezo ekhishwe emazingeni aphansi omyalo ziphoqelelwa yi-Article 92, i-UCMJ, ebeka ukuhlukumeza kwemigomo jikelele kanye nemithethonqubo, kanye neziNcwadi 90 , no-91, i-UCMJ, ezivimbela ukungalaleli kwemithetho yabaphathi.
Ukuguqulwa koBulungiswa beMpi
Ubulungiswa bezempi bunjengobudala njengamaqembu aqala ukuhlela. Uhlelo olwanele nolungalungile lobulungiswa bezempi luhlale lubalulekile ekugcineni iseluleko nokuziphatha kunoma imuphi umyalo wezempi. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kobulungiswa bezempi kuye kwahilela ukulingana kwezintshisekelo ezimbili eziyisisekelo: ukulwa nokulwa nesifiso sokusebenza ngendlela efanele, kodwa engalungile, yokugcina ukuhleleka nokuhleleka.
Ikhodi Engafani Yezobulungiswa BaseMpi (UCMJ) (1951) . Isifiso sokufanana phakathi kwalezi zinsizakalo sabangela ukumiselwa kwe-UCMJ, ngo-31 Meyi 1951. Yayisetshenziswa yi-Manual for Courts-Martial, ngo-1951. I-UCMJ yamisa izinkantolo zenkonzo yokubuyekezwa kwempi, eyakhiwe ngabahluleli bezempi bezobukhosi, , futhi, yizinga lokuqala lokukhalaza ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa bezempi. I-UCMJ nayo yasungula iNkantolo yaseMelika Yezobukhosi ZaseMelika (manje eyaziwa njengeNkantolo Yokwedlulisa Amacala E-United States ye-Armed Forces (CAAF), ekuqaleni eyakhiwa ngabahluleli abathathu abahlali, okuyinto ephakeme kakhulu yokubuyekezwa kwecala lokufaka isicelo esibucayi. wanezela amanye amajaji amabili asemphakathini ngo-1 Disemba 1991.) Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo sekhotho yesikhalazo mhlawumbe kwakuyishintsho olukhulu kunazo zonke embusweni wezempi emlandweni wezwe lethu. Kulesi sakhiwo sinikeza isikhalazo nokubuyekezwa kwezinkantolo-izinkolelo zokulwa, ukuhlolwa nokulinganisa Ukulawulwa kwezombusazwe kweMpi yezokuPhepha kwaqhutshwa ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa ngokwayo.
Incwadi ye-1969 yama-Courts-Martial (MCM) . Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana yokulungiselela, i-MCM entsha yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1 Januwari 1969. Inhloso eyinhloko yokubukezwa kwakuwukufaka izinguquko ezenziwe ezidingekile yizinqumo zeNkantolo yaseMelika yeziKhalazo zaseMpi. Kungakapheli inyanga ngemuva kokuba uMongameli asayine iSigungu esiphezulu sokumemezela i-MCM entsha ka-1969, iCongress yadlulisa uMthetho wezoBulungiswa baseMpi ka-1968, ingxenye enkulu eyenziwa ngo-1 Agasti 1969.
Umthetho wezoBulungiswa baseMpi ka-1968 . Phakathi kwezinguquko ezenzekile ezenziwe nguMthetho Wezobulungiswa ZaseMpi ka-1968 kwaba ukusekwa kwezinkantolo ezivivinywa, eziqukethe abahluleli "abagibeli abajikelezayo" enkonzweni ngayinye. Lesi senzo savumela ummangalelwa ukuba akhethwe yijaji lezempi yedwa (engekho amalungu enkantolo) uma ilungu liceliwe ngokubhala futhi uma ijaji lempi livuma imvume.
UMthetho wezoBulungiswa baseMpi ka-1983 . Ngomhla ka-1 ku-Agasti 1984, uMthetho wezoBulungiswa baseMpi ka-1983 wenza izinguquko eziningana zenkambiso, kuhlanganise nezinhlinzeko zikahulumeni zokudlulisela izikhalo ezithathwe yijaji lamasosha. Nokho, uhulumeni angeke akhuthaze ukuthola okungekho enecala. Isenzo sinikeza futhi kokubili ukuzivikela kanye nohulumeni izikhalazo eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States eNkantolo Yokudluliswa Kwezimpi zase-United States.
Amathrendi . I-UCMJ namuhla ibonisa iminyaka eminingi emlandweni wezobugebengu kanye nobulungiswa bezempi. Uhlelo lwezobulungiswa lwezempi luye lwavela kulowo owavumela abaphathi ukuba baphoqe futhi bafeze isijeziso sokufa ohlelweni lobulungiswa oluqinisekisa amalungelo omsebenzi wesikhundla namalungelo afana nawo, futhi kwezinye izimo zikhulu kunalokho, ezithandwa ngabalingani babo basekhaya.
Amandla eNkantolo Yamakhosi . Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkantolo yomphakathi inamandla okunquma isinqumo esithile sincike ezintweni eziningana, kuhlanganise nesimo sezinhlangothi (iminyaka, ukuhlala ngokomthetho , njll), uhlobo lodaba olusemthethweni oluhilelekile (icala lobugebengu noma lomphakathi, ingxabano yenkontileka, ukwehlukana kwentela, umshado ukuphikisana, njll), kanye nezici zendawo (ubugebengu obwenziwe eNew York, ingxabano yenkontileka mayelana neFlorida yangempela yezindlu, njll). Inkantolo-igunya lokulwa libhekene ikakhulukazi nale mibuzo emibili elandelayo:
- Igunya lomuntu siqu; okungukuthi, ummangalelwa umuntu ngokuya ku-UCMJ?
- Ukuphathwa kwamacala; okungukuthi, ukuziphatha okubekwe yi-UCMJ?
Uma izimpendulo zithi "yebo" kuzo zombili izimo, khona-ke, futhi kuphela-ke, ingabe iphaneli-i-panel yokulwa inegunya lokunquma icala.
Imithetho Yomuntu : Amakhotho-ukulwa kwezempi akatholakali ngaphezu komuntu ngaphandle kokuba abe ngaphansi kwe-UCMJ, njengoba kuchaziwe yi-Article 2, i-UCMJ. Isigaba sesi-2 sithi abantu abalandelayo baphakathi kwalabo abathintekayo ku-UCMJ:
- Amalungu esigaba esivamile samaPhoyisa, kuhlanganise nalabo abalindele ukukhishwa ngemuva kokuphela kwemigomo yabo yokubhalisa; amavolontiya kusukela ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa kwabo noma ukwamukelwa kwiMpi Yezempi; i-inductees kusukela ngesikhathi sokungeniswa kwabo kwangempela emaqenjini ahlomile; kanye nabanye abantu ababizwe ngokusemthethweni noma abahlelwe ngaphakathi, noma emsebenzini noma ukuqeqeshwa ku-Amandla Amabutho, kusukela ezinsukwini lapho kudingeka khona ngemigomo yocingo noma i-oda yokulilalela.
- Amakhredithi, ama-cadet ahamba ngezinyawo, nama-midshipmen.
- Amalungu esigaba se-Reserve ngenkathi eqeqeshwa ekusebenzeni; kodwa, uma kwenzeka amalungu e- US Army National Guard kanye ne-US Air National National Guard, kuphela lapho e-Federal service.
- Amalungu asetshenziselwe umhlalaphansi ohlangothini oluvamile lwezinhlaka ezihlomile ezifanele ukukhokha.
Kusukela ekumisweni kwe-UCMJ, iNkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukuthi amasosha angeke asebenze ngokusemthethweni ngokomthetho ngokomthetho kubantu abangaphansi komphakathi abangamalungu e-Armed Forces. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Yokwedlulisa Amacala E-United States yeziNqobe ZaseMpike ibike ukuthi amasosha ayengenamandla phezu kwabasebenzi basezombusazwe beMpi Yezempi ngenkathi kuqubuka umbango waseVietnam , nakuba ubugebengu obulethwa ngamacala obugebengu bwenziwa ngaphakathi kwendawo yokulwa. Inkantolo ithi inkulumo ethi "ngesikhathi sempi" equkethwe ku-Article 2 (10), i-UCMJ, isho impi eyashiwo yiCongress.
Ukuphathwa Kwemibandela . Ngokuvamile, izinkantolo-zamandla zinamandla okuzama noma yikuphi icala ngaphansi kwekhodi ngaphandle uma kungavunyelwe ukwenza kanjalo nguMthethosisekelo. Ubukhosi bezinkantolo-ukulwa kuncike kuphela esimweni sommangalelwa njengomuntu obhekene ne-UCMJ, hhayi "uxhumano lwenkonzo" yecala elibekwe icala. Isibonelo, umuntu obheke u-UCMJ ukuthengwa ngokudayisa kusuka kumthengisi wendawo. Ilungu lingalingwa yizinkantolo-ukulwa, noma ngabe icala ngokwayo aliyona insizakalo-exhunywe ngomqondo wendabuko.