Izindlela Eziyisisekelo Zokulinganisa Nokuhlolwa Kweengozi
Imali engozini
Imingcele eyingozi kakhulu, kodwa isesimweni esiningi kakhulu, isamba semali esetshenzisiwe noma eboleka imali.
Umphumela omubi kunawo wonke wukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali konke kungabi nalutho noma ukuthi okweletayo akulungile. Ukulungiswa kungukungeniswa kwamathuba okuhlaziywa, kepha ukwenza njalo kudinga ukucabanga okuningi okungahambisani nokulinganisa okuqondile. Bheka incazelo yethu ye-Monte Carlo simulations.
Ukulinganiselwa ngobukhulu bezikhundla ezingaba ngabathengisi bemfihlo noma inani lemali ukuthi izikhulu zemali mboleko zingadluliselwa kumboleki onikeziwe, ngokuyinhloko, izicelo zaloluhlelo lokunciphisa izinhlekelele.
Ukuzenzekela nokuhlukahluka
Lezi yizinyathelo ezivamile zengozi ngokuphathelene nezibambiso ezithengiswa esidlangalaleni kanye namakilasi okugcina. Idatha yemlando ingahle ibanjwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukunyakaza kwentengo ezayo, ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimpahla ezedlule. Isilinganiso sengozi ngokuphathelene namasheya ngabanye kanye namakilasi okugcina amasheya avame ukufakwa esimweni sokubumbana phakathi kwabo, phakathi kwabo, nangokubhekiselwe ezinkomba zomnotho ezibanzi.
Iningi lezinkolelo zamanje zephothifoliyo, isibonelo, kuhilela ukuthuthukisa amasu okunciphisa ukuphakama kwezindleko zokuguquguquka kwentengo kwiphothifoliyo yokutshala izimali ngokukhetha ukuhlanganiswa kwezitshalomali ezithengiswa ngamanani abo ngabanye noma, okungcono, okwamanje, ukuba zingathandani , amanani abo avame ukuhamba ngezinkomba ezihlukile, nenye iphakama lapho enye iphansi, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho).
Inesicelo sabeluleki bezezimali , abaphathi bezimali, nabahleli bezezimali.
Amandla Okubikezela Emlandweni
I-boilerplate esemthethweni yezomthetho emayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali utshengisa ukuthi "ukusebenza okudlule akuyona isiqinisekiso semiphumela yesikhathi esizayo." Ngokufanayo, ukuhlobana kanye nobuhlobo obuningi bokulinganiswa esikhathini esithile somlando banikeza kuphela izinkomba ezingaphelele zalokho ikusasa lingase libheke ngokuphepha okufanayo noma ekilasini lesitifiketi. Ukwandisa izitayela zomlando nobuhlobo esikhathini esizayo ngakho kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqapha okukhulu.
Ingozi ye-Counter-Party
Ingozi ye-Counterparty ingozi yokuthi elinye iqhaza ekuthengiseni, njengokunye okuqinile embonini yezinsizakalo zezezimali, kuzofakazela ukuthi ayikwazi ukufeza izibopho zalo ngesikhathi. Izibonelo zalezi zibopho zibandakanya ukuletha izimali noma ukheshi ukuxazulula ukuhweba nokukhokha imali mboleko yesikhathi esifushane njengoba kuhleliwe.
Izilinganiso zengozi yokuphikisana nazo zivame ukususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwamandla ezinkampani ezinamandla ezinikezwe ama-ejenti wokulinganisa . Kodwa-ke, njengoba ubunzima bezezimali ngasekupheleni kuka-2008 kubonisiwe, izindlela ezisetshenziswa yi-ejensi yokulinganisa ziyiziphambeko ezijulile (njengabafundi be-FICO izikolo) futhi ngaphansi kwesiphambeko esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwesaba jikelele lwezezimali, izenzakalo zingadlulela ngokukhululeka ngokushesha, futhi ukwehluleka okuncane kokulingana kungaxhuma ngokushesha kuze kube yilapho amafemu amakhulu anama-cushions amaningi anecala ahlawuliswa.
ULehman Brothers, uMerrill Lynch , noWachovia babulawa yilezi zinkinga ngo-2008; owokuqala waphuma ebhizinisini, kanti amanye athola amafemu anamandla.
Ingxenye enkulu yenkinga ngokuhlola ingozi yokuqhathanisa nabo ukuthi ukuhlaziywa okwenziwe ama-ejensi wokulinganisa akunamandla ngokwanele. Ngokujwayelekile zivumelanisa nezinto zangempela ezintsha nje kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uma omunye ohlangothini owawubhekwa njengomsindo ngokungazelelwe ugijimela ekungeneni, kunzima kakhulu, uma kungenakwenzeka, ukukhipha izibopho kanye nokuthengiselana okuvele kungene ngaphansi kwezimo ezithandekayo ezenzeka esikhathini esidlule.
Indima Yezinsuku Zokugcina
Imikhosi ehambisana kakhulu nokuhlaziya amatafula okufa ngenxa yezinkampani zomshuwalense wokuphila, edlala indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kwama-premium ezinkambisweni nezinhlelo zokukhokha ezikhokhweni.
Isayensi ye-Actuarial, njengoba ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi, kuyisisetshenziswa samasu amanani okuhamba phambili ekusethekeni okukhulu kwedatha okuyinto eneziqu eziphakeme zokulinganisa okulinganiselwe.
Ukwengeza, ukuhlolwa kwezinhlekelele okwenziwe yomshuwalense wokuphila yomshuwalense kusekelwe kudatha elingenakuqhathaniswa ngokuphelele nesimiso sezimali nokunyakaza ezimakethe zezezimali. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izilinganiso zengozi yomlingani, ukuziphatha okuzayo kwezimali zokutshala izimali kanye nombono wezinyathelo ezithile zebhizinisi akufanelekele ukuhlaziywa kwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, abaphathi bezinhlekelele (kanye nabaphathi bezesayensi ababoleka ukusekela okunomthelela) cishe ngeke babe namandla okuthuthukisa izinhlobo zokubikezela ezikhona noma yikuphi eduze kwezinga lokuzethemba ukuthi umuntu angabeka kulokho okulinganiswa yinkampani yomshuwalense wokuphila.