I-ETOPS, noma i- Extended Operations noma i- Extended Operation Twin , ichaza uhlobo lokusebenza lapho abathwali bezindiza bavunyelwe khona ukuhambisa ibanga elide ngaphezu kwezindawo lapho izikhumulo zezindiza nezindawo zokufika kuhamba khona, njengemizila ende phezu kolwandle (nakuba i-ETOPS ingagciniwe izindiza ze-oceanic.) Lezi zithwali zomoya kungenzeka ukuthi zivinjelwe ngaphambili yi-FAR Ingxenye 121.161, ebeka imingcele kubathwali bezindiza emigwaqeni ethile, futhi i-ETOPS iyilungelo elengeziwe noma ukukhululwa komthetho oshiwo yi- FAA echazwe ku-FAR Part 121.161 ( bona ngezansi).
A
I-ETOPS ichazwe
Ku- AC-120-42B , i- FAA ichaza i-ETOPS njenge:
Umsebenzi wendiza yendiza lapho ingxenye yendiza iqhutshwa khona ngaphesheya kwemizuzu engama-60 kusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza esanele sezindiza ezinamandla okuhamba nge-turbine enezinjini ezimbili, nangaphezulu kwemizuzu engama-180 ngezindiza ezithwala abantu abahamba nge-turbine-injini enezinjini ezingaphezu kwezingu-2 . Leli banga linqunyelwe ukusebenzisa ijubane elilodwa elivunyelwe-injini elingavumelekile lokuhamba ngesikebhe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zomkhathi emoyeni okwamanje.
Ngokuphazima kweso, i-ETOPS yavela njengomphumela weNgxenye ye-FAR Part 121.161 ukuze kuvunyelwe izindiza ukuba zihambise imigwaqo okungenzeka ihambisane nemigomo ngeNgxenye 121.
I-CFR Ingxenye 121.161
Ngokuqondile, iCFR Ingxenye 121.161 ithi lokhu okulandelayo:
"... akekho umnikazi wesitifiketi ongasebenzisa izindiza ezinamandla okuphephezela nge-turbine ngomzila oqukethe iphuzu:
Ngaphesheya kwesikhathi sokuhamba ngezindiza esivela kwisikhumulo sezindiza esikwanele (ngesikhathi esisodwa se-injection cruise inoperative ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile emoyeni okwamanje) kwemizuzu engama-60 ngendiza yezinjini ezimbili noma imizuzu eyi-180 ngendiza ethwala abagibeli enezinjini ezingaphezu kwezingu-2. "
Ekuqaleni, i-ETOPS eyimifanekiso yasetshenziselwa ukuchaza indiza yeNgxenye 121 kuphela enezinjini ezimbili. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, imithethonqubo ye-ETOPS isandisiwe ukuze ifake noma yiziphi izindiza ezimbili, ezintathu noma ezine ezinezinjini ezithwala abagibeli ngenkokhelo phezu kwendawo lapho izikhumulo zezindiza zingatholakali khona ngemithetho ye-FAA , ngakho-ke isichazamazwi sishintsha kusuka "ekusebenzeni okuphawulwe ngamaphini" kuya nje "imisebenzi enwetshiwe."
Kusukela ngo-1936, umshayeli wezindiza noma opharetha kwakudingeka afakazele ukuthi kunamasimu afanelekayo okufika endaweni okungenani ngamakhilomitha angu-100 eceleni komzila wabo. Lapho iCFR Ingxenye 121.161 yasungulwa ngo-1953, abashayeli bezindiza kwakudingeka baqinisekise ukuthi indawo yokufika ingakapheli imizuzu engama-60 yomzila wabo. Ngezindiza ezintathu nezinjini ezine, imithetho yaqhubeka ishintshe ukugcina abaqhubi behamba ngokuphumelelayo ngenkathi kugcinwa inetha lokuphepha ngendiza uma injini ingaphumeleli.
Ukuvunyelwa kokuqala kwe-ETOPS kwanikezwa i-TWA ngo-1985, ngonyaka ofanayo i-FAA yaqala ukuvumela izindiza ezimbili-injini ukuba isandise isikhathi sokunciphisa imizuzu eyi-120. Yabe isongezwe ngisho nangaphezulu emkhakheni wamaminithi angu-180 ngo-1988.
Namuhla, umbuso we-ETOPS wamaminithi angu-240 uvunyelwe ezimweni ezithile zejetshi ezintathu nezinjini ezine. UBoing wayengowokuqala ukuthola isitifiketi se-ETOPS-240 sezindiza zayo ze-Boeing 777.
Noma yiliphi indiza ehamba ngokuphumelelayo ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-ETOPS, kufanele iqinisekiswe futhi ivunywe yi-FAA kuqala. Inqubo yokugunyazwa ye-ETOPS ichazwe ku- circular advisory 120-42B.
Abathwali abasebenzisa izindiza ezine-injini bangafaka isitifiketi se-ETOPS kunoma yiziphi zezigaba ezilandelayo, ngokusho kwe-AC-120-42B:
- I-ETOPS yamaminithi angu-75
- I-ETOPS yamaminithi angu-90
- I-ETOPS yamaminithi angu-120
- Imizuzu engu-138 ye-ETOPS
- I-ETOPS yamaminithi angu-180
- Iminithi engu-207 ye-ETOPS
- I-ETOPS yamaminithi angu-240 (endaweni ethile yezindawo)
- Amaminithi angu-240 + angu-ETOPS (ngokusekelwe kumabili womabili wedolobha)