I-USNS Mercy Nenduduzo
Imikhumbi yezibhedlela inikeza izikhungo zezokwelapha ezihamba phambili, ezihamba phambili, ezihamba phambili, lapho zibizwa ngezempi zase-United States. Kube nemikhumbi yezokwelapha eyengeziwe ekhonza kwezinye izindima - imikhumbi ye-ambulensi, imikhumbi yokukhulula, kanye nemikhumbi yokuthutha.
Isimo Sesivumelwano Sase-Geneva
Izikebhe zezibhedlela zijabulela isimo esikhethekile - lesi simo esikhethekile saziwa emhlabeni jikelele ngaphansi kwesibili seGenesva Convention of 1906 kanye neHague Convention ka 1907.
Imikhawulo eqondile yomkhumbi wesibhedlela ishiwo ku-Article 4 ye-Hague Convention X:
- Umkhumbi kumele ukhishwe ngokucacile futhi ukhanyiswe njengomkhumbi esibhedlela
- Umkhumbi kumele unikeze usizo lwezokwelapha abasebenzi abalimala kuzo zonke izizwe
- Umkhumbi akufanele usetshenziselwe noma iyiphi inhloso yempi
- Umkhumbi akumelwe uphazamise noma uthinte izitsha zokulwa nezitha
- I-Belligerents, njengoba ikhethwe yi-Hague Convention, ingasesha noma yimuphi umkhumbi esibhedlela ukuphenya ukwephulwa kwemingcele engenhla
- I-Belligerents izosungula indawo yomkhumbi wesibhedlela
Futhi, lo mhlangano wasungula ukuthi phakathi nempi yempi, imikhumbi yezobhedlela yayizokhululwa ngemali kanye nezintela ezibekwa ezitokisini zamazwe eziqinisekisa isivumelwano.
Muva nje - I-San Remo Incwadi Yomhlaba Wonke Eyayisetshenziselwa Ukuphikisana Ngezikhali Ezilwandle yasungulwa ngo-June 1994 yi-International Institute of Humanitarian Law emva kochungechunge lwezingxoxo zetafula nxazonke eziqhutshwa phakathi kuka-1988 no-1994 ngabadiplomates nabachwepheshe bezempi nabanomthetho.
Ngokusho kweSan Remo Manual, umkhumbi esibhedlela ophula imingcele yomthetho kufanele uxwayiswe ngokufanele futhi unikezwe isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuhambisana. Uma umkhumbi wesibhedlela uqhubeka uphula ukwehlukaniswa kwemikhawulo, umlwi unelungelo lokuwuthatha noma ukuthatha ezinye izindlela zokuphoqelela ukulandelwa. Umkhumbi wesibhedlela ongahambisani nawo ungaxoshwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezilandelayo:
- Ukususwa noma ukuthunjwa akunakwenzeka
- Ayikho enye indlela yokusebenzisa ukulawula iyatholakala
- Ukuphulwa kunzima ngokwanele ukuvumela umkhumbi ukuba uthathwe njengomgomo wempi
- Umonakalo kanye nabalimala ngeke kube okungahambisani nokuhlomula kwezempi.
Kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, ukuhlasela umkhumbi esibhedlela kungubugebengu bempi.
Izidingo Zezempi zase-US ku-WWI
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe yokuqala (aka "iMpi Enkulu"), imikhumbi yezibhedlela yayisetshenziselwa okokuqala ngesilinganiso esikhulu - kodwa eWWI, imikhumbi yezibhedlela yayisetshenziselwa ukuthutha abagulayo nabalimele ezempi eziseTheaters of Operations ezibhedlela. I-united states.
Impi Yezwe Yombili iphinde ibone ukusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi yesibhedlela, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwakusekelwe kubani ababaqhubayo - i-Navy yayingeyena kuphela igatsha leMelika laseMelika ukuqhuba imikhumbi yesibhedlela, isikhathi esithile iMpi yasebenza nabo [eqinisweni, I-Army yayisebenza ngemikhumbi eyedwa, bheka ukubalwa kweShiphu Hull - I-Rest of the Army and Uniformed Forces ].
Izidingo Zezempi zase-US e-WWII
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, i-Army yanquma ukuthi kwakuwumthwalo wayo wokuthutha labo abalimala, ngakho-ke befuna ukuhlela ukuthuthwa ngemikhumbi yabo. Kwakukhona imikhumbi engu-27 yesibhedlela esisebenza ngokukhishwa kwezisosha.
I-Army Transport Service isebenze imikhumbi engu-24 yezibhedlela eyayinabantu abasebenza emphakathini (abasebenzi be-Army Transport Service) kanye nabasebenzi bezokwelapha base-Army, kanti iNavy yasetshenziswa izikebhe zezibhedlela ezingu-3 ( induduzo, ithemba kanye nesihe ) ezaziboshwe yiNavy kodwa zasebenza uMnyango Wezokwelapha Wezempi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuphawuliwe, imikhumbi yezibhedlela zaseNavy kanye neMpi eqhutshwa ngezinhloso ezahlukene - imikhumbi yezibhedlela ze-Navy yayinezibhedlela ezihlonyelwe ngokugcwele ukuze zithole izingozi ezivela ekulweni futhi zanikezwa ukuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa kwamanye amaqembu ezempilo emgwaqeni ngasemgwaqweni, kanti imikhumbi yezempi yaseMpiya ikakhulukazi ukuthutha esibhedlela okuhlosiwe futhi kuhlonyelwe ukukhipha iziguli ezivela ezibhedlela eziphambili ze-Army ezizohlala ezibhedlela zakamuva (noma ezivela eziya e-United States) futhi azizange zihlomele noma zisebenze ukubhekana nezinqwaba zempi elwa ngqo.
Iningi lemikhumbi yezibhedlela zase-United States yaqala njengomsebenzi ohlukile, futhi yalungiswa ukuba ibe imikhumbi yezibhedlela. Izikebhe ezintathu ze-Navy Hospital (i-AH-6 USS Comfort , AH-7 USS Hope kanye ne-AH-8 USS Mercy ) yizona kuphela izitsha ezakhiwe njengemikhumbi yezibhedlela zemikhumbi yase-US Army - iMikhumbi yezibhedlela ezingu-24 zase-US Army-operated izinhlobo zemikhumbi. Imikhumbi emithathu yamaNavy eyayisebenza yi-Army yakhonza ePacific ngenkathi iWWII, kanti imikhumbi engu-24 yezempi yayikhonza kuqala e-Atlantic Theaters, kanti ezinye kamuva zadluliselwa ePacific, kanti ezinye zaxoshwa lapho zingasadingeki ukuba zikhishwe iziguli zaseYurophu Indawo yaseshashalazini. Ngasekupheleni kweWWII, iNavy yayinemikhumbi engu-15 yezibhedlela.
Ngenxa yalokho, imikhumbi ethile yezibhedlela zaseNavy yayingaphambi kwemikhumbi yezempi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho iMpi YaseSpain neMelika iqeda [1896], umkhumbi wabagibeli uJohn Englis wathengwa yi-United States Army ukuba isetshenziswe njengomkhumbi wesibhedlela, futhi wabizwa ngokuthi uMkhululi . Ngo-1902, iNavy yazuza umkhumbi futhi yawusebenzisa njengama-USS Relief kuze kube ngu-1918, lapho ebizwa kabusha ngokuthi i- Restitution ukuze kuvunyelwe igama lokuKhululeka ukunikezwa ku-AH-1 USS Relief .
Isidingo Sanamuhla Sokuhamba Ngezibhedlela
Nakuba namuhla i-United States Navy isebenza ngemikhumbi emibili yezibhedlela ezizinikezele (T-AH-19 USNS Mercy kanye ne-T-AH-20 USNS Comfort), imikhumbi yezokwelapha / yezokwelapha zezinhlobo eziningi ibe yingxenye ye-United States Navy okungenani kusukela ngo-1801 ( i-Navy yaqhuba iShiphi sayo sokuqala eSibhedlela ngesikhathi seMpi Yezempi [1801-1805]). Kokubili i-Comfort and Mercy idlala indima eMnyangweni we-Military Sealift Command (MSC) wase-US. Imikhumbi iyaqhutshwa, iyahamba, futhi igcinwe abasebenzi base-mariner abasebenzi, noma i-CIVMAR. Laba basebenzi bakahulumeni abasemsebenzini abaqhuba umsebenzi wezempi uNavy. Lezi yizimoto zikahulumeni wase-United States ezisekela izikhali zokulwa emhlabeni wonke. Umyalo we-Navy unesibopho esibhedlela futhi ungumsebenzi.
I-USNS Induduzo noMusa ngokuvamile zihlala ezihlangothini ngenani elincishisiwe labasebenzi. Ngokuvamile kuzoba nama-CIVMAR angu-18 kanye nabasebenzi abasesikhathini esibhedlela base-Navy abangu-50 abazohamba nabo ukuze balondoloze umkhumbi "esimweni esilungele". Uma sekubizwa, imikhumbi izokwengeza ama-CIVMAR angaphezu kwama-60 kanye nabasebenzi abangaphezu kwenkulungwane bezokwelapha ezempi futhi inikeze usizo lapho kunesidingo khona. I-USNS Mercy isekelwe e-San Diego California. I-USNS Comfort isekelwe eNorfolk, eVirginia.
Imikhumbi Yezibhedlela Zezempi