Izinyathelo Eziphawulekayo EzobuLungwini Bezobugebengu, i-Forensics, neCriminology
I-BC Years
Ukwehla kwegazi kwakusukela ku-8000 kuya ku-4000 BC
Imiphakathi yokulima ithuthukiswe eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ihlanganisa amaqembu abantu eduze. Lokhu kudala izingxabano zomhlaba kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwezenzo zobugebengu ezenzekayo.
I-Sumeria yaqala ukuba yimpucuko yokuqala eyaziwa ngo-3500 BC, isungula imizi yokuqala kanye nohulumeni ukusiza ukuxazulula izingxabano.
Ukuphakama kweRiphabhuliki yaseRoma kwaqala ngo-509 BC Impi yamaRoma yayisetshenziswa njengabaphathi bomthetho oyinhloko kuze kube ngu-500 AD Ukutholakala kwabo emigwaqweni yamadolobha namadolobhana kwaba yindlela yokuvimbela ubugebengu ephumelelayo.
Kusuka 428 kuya ku-347 BC , isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uPlato, umfundi kaSocrates, wafaka umqondo wokuthi abantu banemvelo. Lokhu kwakuyobeka isisekelo semfundiso yobuKristu yesikhathi esizayo futhi bekuyoqhubeka ithonya imibono yobugebengu nokujezisa emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.
U-Aristotle, umfundi kaPlato nomfundisi ku-Alexander Omkhulu, wachaza kabanzi ekutadisheni isayensi kanye nokubona kwesayensi kusuka ku-384 kuya ku-327 BC, okwakuzobe kuthinta uphenyo lwezobunhloli nobugebengu kamuva.
UJulius Caesar wabulawa ngo-44 BC futhi waba yindaba yokuqala yokubhala nge-autopsy.
Ikhulu lokuqala
UPedanius Dioscorides, udokotela ongumGreki ohlala eRoma, wabeka izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, imiphumela yabo yokwelapha, nezimpawu zobuthi kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-70 AD Umsebenzi wakhe, u- De Materia Medica, uthathwa njengesisekelo sezokwelashwa kwezombusazwe.
Ummeli wamaRoma waseQuintilian wasebenzisa isayensi eyaziwayo ukufakazela ukuthi izimpendulo zamandla ezigazi zazingekho kumbulali osolwa.
Ukuwohloka koMbuso WaseRoma kwaholela ekuhlaseleni emhlabeni wesentshonalanga kanye nokubuyela "emaphoyiseni" nomqondo wegazi lapho imindeni kanye nomakhelwane bephoyisa ngokwabo. Amagundane abonakala njengomthwalo wamalungu awo futhi athatha izindaba zobugebengu nokujezisa ezandleni zabo.
Ikhulu le-11 leminyaka
Umqondo kaFrankenpledge wezopolisa owasungulwa ngo-1035. Bonke abesilisa abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-12 bakha amaqembu abantu abangu-10 nomakhelwane babo. Bafunga ukuthumba nokugcina amalungu omndeni wabo owenze ubugebengu ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwe-constable. Amakhomishana ase-shire ayengaphansi kokuqondiswa kweShire Reeve owaqokwa nguKhongolose.
Ikhulu le-13 leminyaka
Udokotela waseShayina washicilela uHsi Duan Yu, I-Washing Away of Wrongs, ngo-1248 . Umsebenzi wokuqala owaziwa ngokuphenywa kwezokugula nokufa
USt. Thomas Aquinas wabhala umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu, uSomma Theologica , kusukela ngo-1265 kuya ku-1274. Wabekeza umbono weMvelo Wezemvelo, ukwakha ifilosofi kaPlato. Uphakamisa ukuthi ubugebengu buyihlukumezo kuNkulunkulu nokuthi akulimazanga nje kuphela isisulu kodwa isenzo sobugebengu kanye nokuthi abantu babantu abahle.
Ikhulu le-14 leminyaka
Isikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwaqala ukuthonya isimo sengqondo mayelana nohulumeni, ubugebengu, nokujeziswa.
Izigwebo zokuthula zaqokwa yiNkosi ukuba zinikeze ukusekelwa kwabakwa-Constable kanye neShire Reeves. Abagwebi bangaphakamisa izimvume futhi babambe imihlangano yokuhlukunyezwa, futhi bangazama amacala afaka amacala amancane.
Uhlelo lwama-parish lwama-parish kanye ne "hue kanye nokukhala" lakhiwe. Abesilisa bamiswa ukuba bakhonze njengezintatheli edolobheni isikhathi esingangonyaka owodwa. Lapho i-constable icela usizo, wonke amadoda edolobheni ayengaphendula ngokushesha. Ukubizelwa usizo kuzokwenziwa kusukela edolobheni kuya edolobheni kuze kube yilapho isigebengu sithathwe noma ukuphuthumayo kwaphela.
Ikhulu le-16 leminyaka
Indlela yesayense yathathwa njengethuluzi lokuphenya ubugebengu. Yenza izindlela ezintsha zokuqoqa nokuhlola ubufakazi.
Abahlukahlukene befilosofi basentshonalanga baqala ukuxoxa ngombono "wenkontileka yomphakathi" lapho injongo nendima kahulumeni kanye nemithwalo yabantu kanye nenkosi yachazwa.
Abantu banikele igunya labo enkosini ngokushintshana, ukuphepha nokuchuma. Ukucabanga lokhu kwathonya umbono wezwe olwabugebengu ngesikhathi sokukhanya.
Ikhulu le-18 leminyaka
Ukusebenzisa izindlela zesayensi ukuqoqa nokuqhathanisa ubufakazi kwamukelwa kabanzi.
Ummeli wefilosofi wase-Italy uCesare Beccaria washicilela umsebenzi wakhe owazi kahle kakhulu, Ezikweni Zobulungiswa Nezijeziso , ngo-1764. Ludinga ukuba kube nesilinganiso esinqunyiwe lapho ukuqina kwesijeziso kuzokhuphula khona ngobugebengu obukhulu.
Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka
Imisebenzi yamaphoyisa aseMetropolitan yasungulwa eLondon ngo-1829, ibonisa ukuqala kweqiniso okugcwele, i-uniformed, neyopolitiki. Izimiso eziyisishiyagalolunye zePolisi zikaPirbert Peel zanikezwa zonke izikhulu emandleni.
Isazi sesibalo saseBelgium u-Adolphe Quetelet wabheka izibalo zobugebengu kazwelonke kusukela eFrance ngo-1827 futhi kubonakala ukuhlobana phakathi kobugebengu kanye nokubalwa kwabantu, kuhlanganise nobudala, ubulili, imfundo kanye nesimo sezenhlalakahle.
Isazi sezinzwa kanye nesazi sokulwa nobugebengu uCesare Lombroso wasungula iSikole sePostitivist of Criminology futhi wasikisela izixhumanisi ezingokwengqondo nezingokwemvelo ekuziphatheni kobugebengu phakathi kuka-1858 no-1909.
Ikhamera ye-Kodak yeGeorge East yatholakala kabanzi ngo-1888 futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuthwebula isithombe nokuqopha izigcawu zobugebengu.
USir Arthur Conan Doyle sikaSherlock Holmes wasebenzisa isayensi nesizathu sokuxazulula ubugebengu futhi wandisa umqondo wezombusazwe kusukela ngo-1886.
Ngo-1880 , uHenry Faulds noWilliam Herschel bashicilela isifundo emvelweni okubonisa ukuthi iminwe yeminwe yayihlukile kubantu ngabanye.
Ikhulu lama-20
Indlela yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide ukubona izinambuzane zegazi ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation yatholwa ngo-1901.
UDkt. Edmond Locard, ubaba wophiko lophenyo lobugebengu, wabeka ubugebengu bokuqala bobugebengu wangempela emakamelweni amabili e-attic emnyangweni wezempi waseLyon, eFrance ngo-1910. UDkt. Locard ushicilele isikhundla sakhe esidumile se- Locard's Exchange Principle ngo-1934, eveza inkolelo yakhe yokuthi konke kushiya umkhondo futhi kanjalo njalo kukhona ubufakazi obutholakala.
Ama-digital forensics ne-computer aqale athuthukiswa yi -FBI ngo-1984 ukuhlola ubufakazi bekhompuyutha.
Ubufakazi be-DNA basetshenziswe enkantolo yobugebengu ngokokuqala ngqa ngo-1987. UTommie Lee Andrews waba ngumuntu wokuqala ozolahlwa ngenxa ye-DNA.
Umlando wezoBulungiswa wezoBulungiswa uhamba phambili
Siyaqhubeka sikhula futhi sathuthuka endleleni esiqonda ngayo futhi siphendule ubugebengu. Imibono yethu yokuthi kungcono ukuvimbela ubugebengu nokuthi ukwandisa ukuthembela komphakathi emaphoyiseni kuzohlala phambili emisebenzini emihle etholakala ngaphakathi kwezobugebengu kanye nobulungiswa bezobugebengu. Kufanele baqhubeke nokuhlinzeka ngamathuba omsebenzi okuthakazelisayo nokuvuza eminyakeni ezayo.