Ukujeziswa okungabandlululwa (Isigaba 15)

Ukuthi amaSulumane Amandla Ayalulaya Amasosha

Isijeziso esingenabandlululo (NJP) sibhekisela ezijezisweni ezithile ezilinganiselwe ezinganikezwa ngamacala amancane okuqondiswa izigwegwe ngumphathi ophethe noma isikhulu esiphezulu kumalungu omyalo wakhe. E-Navy naseGold Guard, izinqubo zokujeziswa ezingenabulungisa zibhekwa ngokuthi "isithwathwa se-captain" noma nje "isikhulu." E-Marine Corps, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi "amahoreni ehhovisi," nase- Army and Air Force , ibizwa ngokuthi "Isigaba 15." Isigaba se-15, seKhodi Elingavamile Yezobulungiswa BaseMpi, (UCMJ), kanye neNgxenye V ye-Manual for Courts-Martial yakha umthetho oyisisekelo mayelana nezinqubo zokujeziswa ezingenacala.

Ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho okwenziwe umuntu ngokuvumelana nokuqhutshwa kwe-NJP kuphelele kakhulu kuneyindlela yokwenza izinyathelo ezingapheli, kodwa, ngokuklama, kuncane kakhulu kunezinkantolo.

E-Army and Air Force, isijeziso esingenabulungisa singafakwa kuphela ngumphathi ophethe. Lokho kusho isikhulu esisezindleleni zangempela, esizibiza ngokuthi "umlawuli." E-Navy naseMarine Corps , isijeziso esingenabulungisa singahle sibekwe "Isikhulu Esikhokhelwayo." Ithemu "Isikhulu Esikhokhelwayo" asisho "i-OIC," njengesihloko "somsebenzi," kodwa kunesikhulu esithile lapho isikhulu sefulegi esiphethe inkantolo jikelele-isikhulu sezempi sichaza ihhovisi ngokuthi "isikhulu esiphethe."

"Isigxobo," "Isigaba 15," kanye namahora "ehhovisi" yizinqubo lapho isikhulu esiphezulu noma isikhulu esiphethe khona singase:

• Phenya imibuzo ephathelene namacala amancane asolwa ngokuzibophezela yilungu lomyalo wakhe;
• ukukhokhela ummangali icala ngokuphathelene namacala anjalo; futhi

• ukulahla lezo zindleko ngokuxosha amacala, ukubeka isijeziso ngaphansi kwezihlinzeko ze-Art. 15, u-UCMJ, noma ubhekisela icala enkantolo.

Yisiphi "isikhumba," "i- Article 15 ," kanye "namahora ehhovisi" akulona:

• Abayilingo, njengoba igama elithi "ukungabi nabandlululo" lisho;
• ukukholelwa; futhi
• ukuhlawuliswa uma kwenziwa ukuzimisela ukuba ungafaki isijeziso.

Amacala ahlawuliswa Ngaphansi kwesigaba 15

Ukuqala isenzo se-Article 15, umphathi kumele abe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ilungu lomyalo wakhe lenze icala ngaphansi kwe-UCMJ. Isigaba se-15 sinikeza amandla ephethe amandla okujezisa abantu ngamacala amancane . I-term "offense encane" ibe yimbangela yokukhathazeka okuthile ekuphathweni kwe-NJP. Isigaba 15, i-UCMJ ne-Part V, i-1, i-MCM (1998 ed.), Ikhombisa ukuthi igama elithi "icala elincane" lisho ukungaziphathi ngendlela evamile hhayi okubi kakhulu kunalokho okuvame ukubhekana nesifingqo se-court-war (lapho isijeziso esiphezulu siboshwa khona izinsuku ezingu-30). Le mithombo iphinde ikhombise ukuthi uhlobo lwesiphambeko kanye nezimo ezungeze ikhomishana yalo yizici okufanele zicatshangelwe ekunqumeni ukuthi Iphutha elincane ngokwemvelo. Igama elithi "icala elincinci" ngokuvamile alibandakanyi ukungaziphathi kahle okuthi, uma kuvivinywa yinkantolo-jikelele, kungajeziswa ukukhishwa okungenhlazeka noma ukuvalelwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka owodwa. isikhundla sokuthi isinqumo sokugcina sokuthi icala "sincane" singaphakathi kokuqonda okuzwakalayo kwesiphathimandla.

Uhlobo lwesiphambeko . I-Manual for Courts-Martial, edition ka-1998, ikhombisa futhi kuNgxenye V, para.

1, ukuthi, ekunqumeni ukuthi icala liyingcosana, "uhlobo lwesiphambeko" kufanele lucatshangelwe. Kuyinto isitatimende esibalulekile futhi ngokuvamile akuqondwa kahle ngokubhekisela kokungathí sina noma ukuvuthwa kwecala. Ukuvuthwa komzimba kubhekisela esijezisweni esiphezulu, kodwa, futhi kunesihloko sokuxoxisana okuhlukile kuleyo ndima. Ngokwemongo, uhlobo lwesecala lubhekisela kumlingiswa walo, hhayi amandla ayo. Emthethweni wezobugebengu, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokungaziphathi kahle-ukwephula izigwegwe kanye nobugebengu. Iziphambeko zokuqondisa izigwegwe ziphulwa emazingeni alawula ukusebenza komphakathi. Ngakho-ke, imithetho yomgwaqo, izidingo zelayisensi, ukungalaleli kwamakhosi ezempi, ukungaboni abaphathi bezempi, njll, iziphambeko zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe. Izigebengu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zibandakanya izenzo ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi zibi kakhulu (ezifana nokuphanga, ukudlwengula, ukubulala, ukushaya, ukuhlaselwa, ukuhlaselwa, njll).

Zombili izinhlobo zamacala zihilela ukungabi nokuzijezisa, kodwa ubugebengu buhilela ukungabi nalutho okukhulu kokuzithiba okuhambisana nokuntuleka kokuziphatha. Ziwumkhiqizo wengqondo ngokungahloniphi izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezinhle. Ezimweni eziningi, izenzo zobugebengu azizona amacala amancane futhi, ngokuvamile, isijeziso esiphelele esingenakuqhathaniswa sikhulu. Amacala okuqondiswa kwezigwegwe, noma kunjalo, angathí sina noma amancane kuncike ezimweni, ngakho-ke, ngenkathi ezinye izigwegwe ezijeziswayo ziphethe izijeziso ezinkulu, umthetho uyaqaphela ukuthi umthelela wezinye zalezi zigwegwe ekuqondiseni kuzoba mncane. Ngakho-ke, igama elithi "isijeziso sokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe" elisetshenziswe kwi-Manual for Courts-Martial, edition ka-1998, likhethiwe ngokucophelela.

Izimo . Izimo ezizungeze ikhomishana yokwehliswa kwezigwegwe zibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi leso senzo sincane. Isibonelo, ukungalaleli ngamabomu umyalo wokuthatha izinhlamvu kwiyunithi elwa nokulwa kungabangela imiphumela engozini kulabo abahlanganyele empini, ngakho-ke, kuyindaba engathí sina. Ukungalaleli ngokuzithandela umyalo wokubika kubakwa-barbershop kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuqondiseni. Icala kumele lihlinzekele kokubili ukweqisa, futhi lenzelwa ngenxa yomkhawulo omkhulu wokujeziswa. Lapho esebenzisana nezigwegwe zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe, umlawuli kumele akhululeke ukucabangela umthelela wezehlakalo kusukela ebhekwa njengejaji elihle kakhulu; kanti, ekulahleni ubugebengu, umphakathi jikelele unesithakazelo esihambisana nalokho komlawuli, futhi abaphikisana nobugebengu banikezwa izivikelo eziningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda komlawuli ngokulahla izigwegwe zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe kunkulu kakhulu kunalokho akwazi ukukwenza ekubhekaneni nobugebengu.

Ukumiswa kwe-NJP akusho, kuzo zonke izimo, ukuvimbela inkantolo elandelayo yecala elifanayo. Bheka Ingxenye V, para. I-MCM (1998 ed.) Nekhasi 4-34. Ukwengeza, i- Article 43 , ye-UCMJ, ivimbela ukufakwa kwe-NJP eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2 ngemuva kokuthunyelwa kwecala.

Amacala aqalwe ngaphambilini ezinkantolo zomphakathi . Imithethonqubo yempi ivumela ukusetshenziswa kweJJP ukujezisa ummangalelwe icala oye wazama ngalo yinkantolo yasekhaya yasekhaya noma yangaphandle, noma icala lakhe liye lahlulwa enkambisweni yobugebengu ejwayelekile yesikhathi sokuhlolwa, noma icala lakhe liye esigwetshwe yiziphathimandla zezinkantolo zamantombazane, uma igunya litholakala ephoyisa elisebenzisa inkantolo jikelele-igunya lokulwa (E-Air Force, leyo mvume inganikwa kuphela uNobhala we-Air Force).

I-NJP kungenzeka ingasetshenziselwa isenzo esilwe yinkantolo esithola igunya layo e-United States, njengenkantolo yesifunda saseSifundazwe.

Ngokusobala, amacala lapho ukutholakala khona kwecala noma ukungabi namacala kuye kwafinyelelwa ekulingweni yi-court-war ngeke isetshenziswe ku-NJP. Kodwa-ke, iphuzu lokugcina lapho amacala angase ahoxiswe khona enkantolo-ngaphambi kokuthola ngombono ngokuya ku-NJP okwamanje akucacile .

Ama-off-basis amacala . Izinduna kanye nezikhulu eziphetheyo zingalahla izinhlawulo ezincane zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe (ezenzeka noma ezisekelwe phansi) e-NJP. Ngaphandle kokuthi icala elingekho-base libekwe icala ngabasemagunyeni, akukho mkhawulo egunyeni lamagunya ezempi ukuxazulula lezo zenzo e-NJP.

Okuningi mayelana nesigaba 15

• Amalungelo Wokujezisa Abangabandlululo
• Izikhawulo zokujeziswa
• Izikhalazo zokungajezisi

Ukwaziswa okuvela ku- Handbook of Justice Military & Civil Civil