Indlela Yokufuna Isivivinyo Ngenkantolo Yokulwa

Isigaba 15 kanye namalungelo ommangalelwe

Ngaphandle kwendoda ehlanganisiwe noma engena emkhunjini, ummangalelwa angadinga icala ngenkantolo-nendawo esikhundleni sokujeziswa okungenabungozi (NJP). Isikhathi sesikhathi esiyinhloko ekunqumeni ukuthi noma ngabe umuntu unelungelo lokufuna ukulingwa yisikhathi sokubekwa kwe-NJP hhayi isikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwecala.

Ukuqala

Ukujeziswa okungabandlululo kubangelwa uphenyo ngokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni kanye nokulalela okulandelayo ukuze kunqume ukuthi ngabe umangalelwa kufanele ajeziswe kangakanani.

Ngokuvamile, uma isikhalazo sithunyelwe nomphathi wesimanga (noma uma lo mkhuzi ethola umbiko wophenyo oluvela emthonjeni wemithetho yomthetho), lowo mkhululi unesibopho sokubangela ukuba kwenziwe ucwaningo ukuze kutholakale iqiniso lendaba .

Uma, emva kokuphenywa kokuqala, isikhulu esiphezulu sibeka ukuthi leso sabelo se-NJP sifanelekile, isikhulu esiphezulu kufanele senze ummangalelwa athole iseluleko esithile. Isikhulu esiphezulu asidingeki sinikeze iseluleko ngabanye kodwa singabela lo mthwalo kumphathi wezomthetho noma omunye umuntu ofanelekayo. Iseluleko esilandelayo kufanele sinikezwe, noma kunjalo.

• Isenzo esicatshangelwe . Ummangali kufanele aziswe ukuthi umphathi ophethe ucabangela ukufakwa kwe-NJP yecala noma icala.
• Icala lokusola . I-offense (s) okusolakala ukuthi kufanele ichazwe kummangali futhi leyo ncazelo kufanele ifake isihloko esithile se-UCMJ esitshelwe ukuthi umsolwa uphule.

• Ubufakazi bukaHulumeni . Ummangalelwa kufanele alulekwe ngolwazi lapho izinsolo ezisekelwe khona noma etshele ukuthi, uma ecelwa, ahlole zonke izitatimende ezitholakalayo nobufakazi.
• Ilungelo lokunqaba NJP . Ngaphandle uma ummangali enamathele noma engena emkhunjini (lapho kungenalo ilungelo lokunqaba i-NJP), kufanele atshelwe ngelungelo lakhe lokufuna icala lokulwa nenkantolo esikhundleni se-NJP; yesigwebo esiphezulu esingafakwa ku-NJP; ukuthi, uma efuna ukuthethwa kwecala enkantolo, amacala angathunyelwa ngenkantolo ngokufingqa, ekhethekile noma ejwayelekile yenkantolo; ngokuthi wayengenakuzama ukuzamazama enkantolo-ukulwa nokuphikisana kwakhe; futhi ukuthi, enkantolo ekhethekile noma ejwayelekile, uzoba nelungelo lokumelelwa iseluleko.

• Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko esizimele . I-United States v. Booker , i-5 MJ 238 (i-CMA 1977), ithi, ngoba ummangalelwa ongenamathele noma engena emkhunjini unelungelo lokunqaba i-NJP, kumele atshelwe ngelungelo lakhe lokunikeza iseluleko esizimele mayelana isinqumo sakhe sokwamukela noma sokwenqaba i-NJP uma irekhodi laleyo NJP lizovunyelwa ngobufakazi ngokumelene naye uma ummangalelwa eyobe esalindelwa yi-court. Ukuhluleka ukululekwa ngokufanele ummangalelwa ngelungelo lakhe lokunikeza iseluleko, noma ukuhluleka ukunikeza iseluleko, ngeke kwenzeke ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-NJP kungavumelekile noma kube yindawo yokukhalaza.

Amalungelo okuzwa

Uma ummangali engafuni icala ngokulwa nenkantolo ngesikhathi esifanele ngemuva kokukwaziswa ngamalungelo akhe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezintathu zomsebenzi ngaphandle uma ummeli enikezela isandiso), noma uma ilungelo lokufuna inkantolo lingasebenzi, umsolwa uzoba nelungelo lokuvela ngaphambi komphathi we-hearing ye-NJP. Ekulalelweni okunjalo, ummangalelwa unelungelo loku:

1. Yaziswa ngamalungelo akhe ngaphansi kwe- Art. 31 , i-UCMJ (Ukuzikhethela)
2. Kufanele uhambisane nomkhulumeli ohlinzekwa, noma olungiselelwe, ilungu, futhi izinyathelo azidingeki ziphuze ngokungadingekile ukuze zivumele ukuba khona kokhulumeli, futhi akanelungelo lokuhamba noma izindleko ezifanayo

1. Ukwaziswa ngobufakazi obamelene naye obuphathelene necala
2. Vunyelwe ukuhlola konke ubufakazi lapho isikhulu esizokwenza khona sincike ekunqumeni ukuthi ngabe i-NJP ingakanani futhi nokuthi ingakanani
3. Nika izindaba ezindabeni zokuzivikela, ukulungiswa, nokunciphisa, ngomlomo, ngokubhala, noma kokubili
4. Banikeze ubufakazi, kufaka hlangana nalabo abaphikisana nommangali, ngokufaka isicelo, uma izitatimende zabo zizofaneleka, futhi uma zitholakala kalula. Ufakazi utholakala ngokufanele uma ukubukeka kwakhe kungadingi ukukhokhelwa nguhulumeni, ngeke kuphuze ngokungadingekile ukuqhubeka, noma, uma kwenzeka ufakazi wezempi, ngeke kudingeke ukuba akhululwe eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile, futhi
5. Yenza izinyathelo zivulele umphakathi ngaphandle uma isikhulu esiphezulu sinquma ukuthi izinqubo kufanele zivaliwe ngenxa yezizathu ezinhle. Awekho amalungiselelo okwakha okukhethekile okumelwe ayenziwe ngumlawuli wamaphoyisa. Ngisho noma ummangalelwa engafisi ukuthi izinyathelo zivuleleke emphakathini, umlawuli angase avule noma kunjalo ekuhlakanipheni kwakhe. Ezimweni eziningi, umlawuli uzobavulela kancane futhi abe namalungu afanele omyalo (i-XO, i-sergeant yokuqala, umphathi, njll)

I-Manual for Courts-Martial inikeza ukuthi, uma ummangalelwa enqaba ilungelo lokuzibonakalisa phambi komphathi, angakhetha ukuhambisa izindaba ezibhaliwe ukuze zicutshungulwe ngumphathi ophethe ngaphambi kokufakwa kwe-NJP. Uma ummangalelwa enza ukhetho, kufanele aziswe ilungelo lakhe lokuthula futhi ukuthi noma yiziphi izindaba ezithunyelwe zingasetshenziswa ngokumelene naye ekulingweni ngecala lokulwa nenkantolo. Ngaphandle kokuthi ummangalelwa uzimisele ukuveza ilungelo lakhe lokuvela e-NJP ukuzwa kwakhe, angahle abuyele enkantolo uma iphoyisa elibeka i-NJP lifisa ukuba khona kwayo.

Ngokuvamile, isikhulu esiphethe i-NJP ukuzwa kuyisikhulu esiphezulu sommangali. Ingxenye V, para. 4c, i-MCM (ngo-1998 ed.), Ivumela isikhulu esiphezulu noma isikhulu esiphezulu ukuba sinikeze igunya lakhe ukubamba elinye iphoyisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile.

Lezi zimo azikho okuningiliziwe, kodwa kumele zibe zingavamile futhi zibalulekile kunezinto ezilula zomlawuli. Leli gunya lesigunyaziso kufanele libhaliswe futhi izizathu zalo zichazwe kabanzi. Kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi leli thunywa alifaki igunya lokuphoqa.

Ekulalelweni okunjalo, isikhulu esinikezwe ukubamba ukulalela sizokwamukela bonke ubufakazi, silungise irekhodi elifingqiwe lezindaba ezicutshangwayo, futhi ithumele irekhodi kwisiphathimandla esinegunya le-NJP. Isinqumo somlawuli sizobe sesethunyelwa kumsolwa ngokwakhe noma ngokubhala ngokushesha.

Ummeleli Wakho

Umqondo wommeleli ozokhulumela ummangalelwa ku- Article 15, i-UCMJ, ukulalelwa kuye kwabangele ukudideka. Umthwalo wokuthola ummeleli onjalo ungummangalelwa. Njengomsebenzi osebenzayo, ukhululekile ukukhetha noma ubani ofuna - ummeli noma ummeli womthetho , isikhulu noma umuntu obhalisiwe .

Le nkululeko yommangalelwa ukukhetha ummeli ayibopheli umyalelo wokunikeza iseluleko sommeli, futhi imithetho yamanje ayidala ilungelo lommeli wezezomthetho kuze kube yilapho ilungelo elinjalo likhona enkantolo yokulwa. Ummangalelwa angamelwa yinoma yimuphi ummeli ozimisele futhi okwazi ukuvela ekulaleleni.

Ngesikhathi umthwalo womsebenzi wommeli ungavimbela ummeli ukuba angabonakali, umthetho wokugqoka wokuthi akekho omeli abazotholakala ukuba avele ku-Article 15 yokulalela kuzobonakala sengathi uyaphambene nomoya uma kungenjalo incwadi yomthetho. Ngokungangabazeki ukuthi umuntu angavunyelwa ngokomthetho ukumela ummangalelwa. Kuyinto enhle ukusho ukuthi ummangali angaba nomuntu onamandla futhi ozimisele ukuvela egameni lakhe ngaphandle kwezindleko kuhulumeni.

Ngenkathi umyalo kungadingeki ukuthi unikeze ummeli womuntu siqu, kufanele usize ummangali ukuthi athole ummeleli afunayo. Kule nkinga, uma ummangalelwa efisa ummeli wakhe, kufanele avunyelwe isikhathi esanele sokuthola umuntu.

Ukuqhubeka okungahambi kahle

Ukuba khona kommeli womuntu siqu akuhlosiwe ukudala inqubo yokuphikisa. Kunalokho, isikhulu esiphezulu sisasesibopho sokuphishekela iqiniso. Kule nxushunxushu, ulawula uhlelo lokulalelwa futhi akufanele avumele ukuthi izinyathelo zihlasele zibe yinkinga yokuphikisana.

OFakazi

Lapho ukulalela kuhilela imibuzo ephikisanayo mayelana necala elitshelwe, amacala azobizwa ngokuthi afakaze uma ekhona emkhunjini owodwa noma esekelwe noma engatholakali ngaphandle kwezindleko kuhulumeni. Ngakho-ke, esimweni se- larceny , uma umsolwa ephika ukuthi uthathe imali, ofakazi abangase bafakaze ukuthi uthathe imali kufanele babizwe ukufakaza ngomuntu uma bengatholakali kuhulumeni. Kufanele kuphawulwe, Nokho, ukuthi akukho gunya elikhona lokuphikisa ubufakazi bombuso womthetho we-NJP oqhubekayo.

Umthwalo wokufakazela

Isikhulu esiphezulu noma isikhulu esiphethe kumele sithathe isinqumo sokuthi ummangalelwa wenza amacala noma ukuphambene nobufakazi.

Okutholakele

Ngemuva kokucubungula zonke izici, umlawuli wamaphoyisa wenza izinzuzo zakhe:

• a. Ukulahla noma ngaphandle kokuxwayisa. Lesi senzo sivame ukuthathwa uma isiphathimandla singaqiniseki ngobufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa unecala, noma unquma ukuthi asikho isijeziso esifanelekile ngenxa yerekhodi lakhe langaphambili kanye nezinye izimo. Ukuxoshwa, kungakhathaliseki noma ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, akubhekwa njenge-NJP, futhi akubhekwa njengesihlengo.
• b. Ukudluliselwa kwiphenyo, noma ukuphenywa kwangaphambilini ngaphansi kwe- Article 32 , i-UCMJ.
• c. Ukuhlehliswa kwesenzo (okulindele ukuphenywa okuqhubekayo noma esinye isizathu esizwakalayo, njengokulinda kwecala ngamagunya womphakathi ngamacala afanayo)
• d. Ukumiswa kwe-NJP.

> Ulwazi oluvela kwi- Handbook of Justice & Civil Civil Law