Njengoba uhlelo lwe-airspace luyashintsha, i-FAA izosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha abaningi . Enye yezinhlelo eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe- FAA lwe-NextGen yi-ADS-B, okumele i-Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast. Ngomzamo wokwenza imisebenzi iqhutshwe, i-FAA isebenzisa i-ADS-B njengomthombo oyinhloko wokuhamba kuzo zonke izindiza ngaphakathi ohlelweni lukazwelonke lwe-airspace.
Ngesikhathi i-ADS-B isebenza kakade kuningi o e-United States, kusekhona imibuzo mayelana nezingozi nezindleko ezihilelekile.
Indima ye-ADS-B
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, imboni yezindiza izocelwa ukwamukela umqondo wendiza yamahhala, indlela yokunciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-air traffic ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ADS-B. Uhlelo lwe-ADS-B luyanciphisa umthwalo wokusebenza komshayeli nomqondisi futhi lunikeza indlela eqondile yokuqondisa izindiza, ukulondoloza imali nesikhathi ebhodini.
Sekuyiminyaka, uhlelo lokulawulwa kwezithuthi emoyeni e-United States luye lwabhekana nokungabi nalutho. Uhlelo luyaqhubeka lubona ukwanda kokufuna komthengi kanye nokulibaziseka.
Embikweni ka-2009, i-FAA yathi, "Ngaphandle kwe-NextGen kuyoba ne-gridlock esibhakabhakeni. Ngo-2022, i-FAA inqume ukuthi lokhu kuhluleka kungadla umnotho wase-US $ 22 billion minyaka yonke emsebenzini wezomnotho olahlekile. Leyo nombolo ikhula ibe ngaphezu kuka-$ 40 billion ngo-2033 uma uhlelo lokuhamba emoyeni lungaguquki. "
Indima yesistimu ye-ADS-B yinkimbinkimbi. Isistimu isebenzisa imithombo ephakeme kakhulu ye GPS-based and air surveillance ukuhlinzeka abalawuli kanye nabashayeli bezindiza ngemininingwane eqondile, yesikhathi sangempela. Le datha, inembile kakhulu kune-radar ngokwayo, ingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukuhlukana phakathi kwezindiza, ukwandisa ukuphepha nokuhlinzeka ngemigwaqo eqondile yezindiza.
Ukwengeza, imisebenzi yesikhathi sangempela nemoto sezulu izohlinzekwa emgodini wezindiza, kwezinye izimo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo ku-opharetha.
I-ADS-B isebenzisa i-transponder esekelwe ezindiza (Imodi S), uhlelo lwe-satellites lokuhamba nge-global (GNSS), kanye neziteshi zomhlabathi ukuze zithole ukuphakama, isivinini kanye nokulandelela izindiza. Lolu lwazi lulayishwa kusukela ezindizeni ukuya ezindizeni nasezindizeni kuya kusilawuli noma esiteshini somhlabathi, kanye namanye amaqembu ahlanganyele.
Izinhlekelele zokuphepha
Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lwe-ADS-B luyisithuthuthu esikhulu sesikhathi esizayo sesistimu yethu ye-airspace. Kodwa akuyona ingozi. Njengoba uhlelo lwama-radar lwamanje luyisimiso esingenabungozi, uhlelo olunembile lokuhamba, ukuthuthela ohlelweni olusha ngokuphelele kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthembeka, izingozi zokuphepha nezindleko. Yiziphi lezo zinkinga nezingozi, futhi ziye zahlukunyezwa ezingeni elimukelekile?
Ngenkathi i-FAA ibonise ukuthi umphumela wokugcina uzoba uhlelo oluphephile lokuhamba emoyeni oluphephile, futhi luye lwaqhuba ucwaningo ukuze luvuselele isimo sabo, kuzodingeka baqhubeke nokuhlola futhi babuyekeze kabusha uhlelo olusuka ekuphepha umbono. Ukuqaliswa kwanoma yisiphi isimiso esisha kungase kulethe amaphutha angaziwa kanye nezingozi.
Ku-ADS-B, lezi zingozi zihlanganisa:
- Ukuqeqesha kanye nezici zabantu
- Ukuhluleka kwe-GPS
- Izinsizakalo ze-Avionics
- Izinkinga zokuphepha.
Lezi zindaba azikaze zixazululwe ngokuphelele, kodwa zikhonjwe njengezingozi nezinyathelo ezithathwe ukuze kunciphise ingozi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-2000 lugcwalise uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuphepha kokulandelana ngokuqondene nesistimu yonke, futhi lithola ukuthi ingozi yokuhlala "ilawulwa ezingeni elimukelekile."
Ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kwe-ADS-B, iCommstone System Safety Working Group yasungulwa ngokubambisana ne-FAA ukunikeza ucwaningo oludingekile nokuhlaziywa kokuqala kwe-ADS-B. Izingozi eziqunyiwe zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:
Izinto Zabantu
- Ukudideka nokulahlekelwa kokuqwashisa kwesimo
- Ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwe-avionics
- Amaphutha wezinqubo zepayipi
- Izinkinga zokuxhumanisa ne-ATC
- Ukulahlekelwa kokuqwashisa ngokwengqondo ngenxa yesikhathi esiningi kakhulu "sekhanda"
Izingozi Zesistimu
- Amaphutha wokulinganiswa
- Ukulahlekelwa kokuxhumana
- Ukungasebenzi
Ukuhluleka kwe-Avionics
Iphutha le-GPS
Isimo sezulu, ukuhamba kwemigwaqo kanye nezendawo
- Ukuntuleka kokubika
- Ukubikezela okulinganiselwe
- Iziteshi zokubika ezinqunyiwe
Ukukhubazeka kokuphepha
- Ukuthungatha, ukuhleka nokumaza
Ngokuyinhloko, lezi zingozi ziye zacwaningwa, zahlaziywa, zinciphiswa futhi zamukelwa. Kodwa enye yezinhlekelele ezinkulu ezihlobene ne-ADS-B isalokhu ikhona: Iphutha labantu. Uma umshayeli wezindiza engaqondi ngokugcwele imishini ayisebenzisayo, uhlelo luba yingozi esikhundleni somhlomulo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo eziphambili ze-avionics zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okujulile nokuqonda kwababhethri ukuthi basebenzise ngokuphepha, futhi abaqhubi abaningi ngeke bazuze ngokuzithandela ukuqeqeshwa okudingayo ukuze bahambe ngokuphepha nge-ADS-B. Futhi igunya lika-FAA le-ADS-B lazo zonke izindiza ezizohlonywa nge-ADS-B ngo-2020 zizoqinisa izindleko nezingozi ezihambisana ne-avionics ethuthukile nephutha lomuntu.
Iphrojekthi yaseCapstone yazimisela ukuthi izinhloko ezidlulele-isikhathi esingaphansi ngenkathi zisebenzisa i-ADS-B zingabangela ukulahlekelwa njalo kokuqwashisa okungokwemvelo, nokuthi nakuba ingozi ingase ibe yinto engavamile kulokhu, ingozi ephumela kungase ibe yingozi. Lena ingozi ehlala njalo ezoqhubeka iyingxaki kubasebenzisi be-ADS-B njengoba iba yinto ejwayelekile ezweni elihambayo. Abashayeli bezindiza kumele bamukele umthwalo wokunciphisa lo mngcipheko ngangokunokwenzeka ngokuqeqesha nokuqwashisa.
Uma konke kushiwo futhi kwenziwa, i-ADS-B iyinhlanganisela ephephile, ephumelelayo ohlelweni lwe-airspace yesizwe. Kodwa njenganoma yikuphi uhlelo lokuhamba nge-navigation noma uhlelo lwe-avionics, luphephile nje kuphela njengomsebenzisi walo.