Ukuhwebelana Kwama-American Prisoner
Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwaba namajele aseMelika weMpi futhi kusukela ekuhlaselweni ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, izwe lethu selithathile amabutho amantombazane asolwa ngamaphekula namabutho futhi waboshwa eGuantanamo Bay Cuba ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kweBush.
Kuwo wonke ama-Bush kanye ne-Obama Administrations iziboshwa ezivela empini ye-Terror zikhishwe noma zidluliselwa kwelinye izwe ngokuboshwa futhi ezinye zazisetshenziswa njengama-chips bargaining ukukhulula abaseMelika.
Amakhulu angama-500 asolwa ngamaphekula akhishwa noma asuswa eGuantanamo Bay Cuba.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Obama kukhishwe amaphekula angu-300 noma asuswe ezweni elithintekayo, kodwa ukushintshaniswa kwamahlanu aseTaliban fighters we-Army Sgt. UBowe Bergdahl, weza nazo zonke izikhalo ezihlukahlukene zokucasula kokubili ukuxoshwa kokubili kanye nokusebenzisana nemigqa yezempi nezombusazwe, nokuzwakalisa ngezimo ze-Sgt. Ukuthunjwa kukaBergdahl.
Naphezu kwakho konke, isinqumo sikaMongameli Obama sokwenza ukuhweba kwakungewona ngempela umlando noma umthetho wase-US. Ukubheka okusheshayo esikhathini esedlule, kusukela ekuqaleni kwezwe lethu kuzokwenza kuqala ukwenza amasheya amasosha ethu kanye nezakhamizi kulo lonke izwe.
I-American Revolution, iMpi Ye-1812, kanye neMpi Yombango
Ngesikhathi seMelika Revolutionary War (1775-83), ukuhwebelana kweziboshwa kwenziwa ensimini noma kumazinga aphezulu enhlangano - ngokuvamile ukuhwebelana kwezingcweti ezixoxwa kakhulu kwabaxoxwa ngabantu abaqanjwe ngamagama.
Kwakukhona nokunye ukushintshaniswa okusekelwe ezinombeni zabantu abahleliwe okungahleliwe, kodwa lokhu kwaba nesisekelo esincane.
Phakathi neMpi ka-1812, isivumelwano sesikhashana sashintshwa futhi samukelwa (i-Cartel yokushintshaniswa kweziboshwa zempi phakathi kweBrithani ne-United States of America) ezabhekana neziboshwa zangaphandle.
Ngokusho komlando we-History, ngonyaka wokuqala weMpi Yombango (1861 kuya ku-1865), ukuhwebelana kwezinguboshwa kwakuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko phakathi kwabaphathi bezinsizakalo ngezikhathi ezithile emva kokulwa - iNyunyana inqika ukufaka izivumelwano ezihlelekile, esaba ukuthi izoba uhloniphe uhulumeni wase-Confederate.
Kodwa-ke, ngoDisemba 11, 1861, i-US Congress yadlulisa isinqumo esihlangene esitshela uMongameli uLincoln "ukuvula izinyathelo ezihleliwe zokushintshaniswa kweziboshwa ekuhlubukeni kwamanje."
Ngo-July 1862, i-Union General uJohn Dix no-Confederate General uDaniel H. Hill bafinyelela esivumelwaneni lapho isosha ngalinye linikezwa khona inani ngokuvumelana nesigaba. Isibonelo, eyodwa yangasese yayifanele enye ingasese; izinkampani kanye nama-sergeants kwakudingeka izimfihlo ezimbili; futhi ama-lieutenants ayefanelekile amathathu. Isikhulu esilawulayo sasifanele ama-privates angu-60. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, izinkulungwane zamasosha zatshintshaniswa kunokuba zishayeke emajele njengalawo aseAndersonville, Georgia, noma e-Elmira, eNew York.
I-National Archive ine-Amarekhodi we-General Commissary of Prisoners. IQembu Lombhalo 249 - elibalwe ngo-1861-1905 - linombhalo wokuthi Amarekhodi kaKomishinala Wokushintshwa Kweziboshwa ahlelwe njengezinyawo ezine ezilinganayo.
(Amandla "iKhabhinethi evamile" yefayili ingaba ngu-2 unyawo olulinganayo nge-drawer)
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi
Ngesikhathi se-WWII (1939 kuya ku-1945), amaMelika ashintshwe ekushintsheni iziboshwa phakathi kweJalimane ne-United States.
Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, inhloli ye-swaps yayiyinto evamile kakhulu - into eyaziwa kakhulu (noma okungenani, eyaziwa kahle) yukuthi umshayeli waseMelika u-U-2 uFrancis Gary Powers okhishwe amaSoviet ngokushintshanisa neSoviet Colonel Rudolf Abel, isikhulu se-KGB esiphezulu.
NgoFebruwari 1986 - U-Anatoly Shcharansky (manje onguNatan Sharansky) ophikisana neSoviet washayelwa izinhloli zamaKhomanisi ezabanjwa eNtshonalanga ngo-1984: uKarl Koecher no-Hana Koecher.
Ngo-2010, i-United States ne-Russia baqhuba ukushintshaniswa okukhulu kwenhloli kusukela e-Cold War - izinhloli eziyishumi ezazisolwa ngeRussia ezaziboshelwe e-US zathengiswa abantu abane ababoshiwe benecala e-Russia.
Ngaphandle kwalokho okutholakala ku-Amazon nakwezingosi ezifanayo (isibonelo, Mercy Ships: The Untold Story of Prisoner-of-War Exchanges eMpini Yezwe II), kuye kwaba nezincwadi ezehlukene ezikhuluma ngeziboshwa zeMpi (kubandakanya ukuhwebelana kwezingubo). Ngokwesibonelo:
ISEBE LE-ARMY PAMPHLE NO. 20-213: UMLANDO WESIKHOSI SOKUSEBENZISWA KWEZIMPILO Ngamazwe ase-UNITED STATES 1776-1945
Umbiko we-Congressional, " AMAKHOSI OMGONDO: UKUPHATHA KANYE NOKUPHAKATHI NGESIKHATHI SESIKHATHI - I-American and Allied Experience, 1775 ukuletha ".
I-Naval War College - Izifundo Zomthetho Womhlaba Wonke - Umqulu 59, Iziboshwa Zempi Ezingqubuzaneni Zomhlaba Wonke, Isahluko II: Umbuso Wesiboshwa Sempi