Isigaba 77 - Izikhulu
(1) wenza icala elijeziswa yilesi sahluko, noma izinsiza, ezithengisa, izeluleko, imiyalo , noma ukuqhuba umsebenzi wakhe; noma
(2) kubangela ukuthi kwenziwe isenzo okuyinto uma ngokuqondile esenziwa nguye izojeziswa ngalesi sahluko; uyinhloko. "
Incazelo
(1) Inhloso . Isigaba 77 asichazi icala. Inhloso yalo ukucacisa ukuthi umuntu akudingeki enze izinto ezidingekayo ukuze enze icala lokuba netyala.
Umuntu osizayo, okhokhela, olulekwayo, owenza imiyalo, noma oqhuba ikhomishana yecala, noma obangela isenzo sokuthi, uma kwenziwa lowo muntu ngokuqondile, kungaba yicala elinecala elinecala njengalowo owenza ngokuqondile, futhi kungase kujeziswe ngesilinganiso esifanayo.
Isigaba 77 sichitha ukuhlukaniswa komthetho ovamile phakathi kwekhanda lokuqala ("umenzi wobugebengu"), oyinhloko esikoleni sesibili (osiza, olulekwayo, imiyalo, noma okhuthaza ikhomishana futhi okhona endaweni yesehlakalo - owaziwayo ngokuthi "usizo kanye nokuziphendulela"), kanye nezinto zokufinyelela ngaphambi kweqiniso (osiza, olulekwa, oyala, noma okhuthaza ikhomishini futhi ongekho endaweni yesehlakalo). Zonke lezi manje "ziyinhloko."
(2) Ubani ongabekwa icala?
(a) Umenzi wobugebengu . Umenzi wobugebengu ungomunye owenza iphutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngumenzi wobugebengu noma ngokubangela ukuthi enze icala lokuzibophezela ngokuzikhandla noma ngokumisela ngenhloso noma ngokumisa izenzo ezenziwa yi-ejenti noma i-agency engapheli noma into eyenza ukuthi kwenziwe ikhomishini .
Isibonelo, umuntu owazi ngokufihla izidakamizwa zokuqeda imoto emotweni, bese ehola omunye umuntu, ongazi futhi akanaso isizathu sokukwazi ukuthi kukhona khona izidakamizwa, ukushayela imoto ekufakweni kwezempi, kungukuthi, engekho imoto, enecala lokusungula izidakamizwa ezingalungile ekufakweni kwezempi.
(Kulezi zindaba, umshayeli angeke abe necala lobugebengu.) Ngokufanayo, uma, ngokuya komuntu ophakeme, isosha lidubule umuntu obonakale esosha ukuba abe isitha, kodwa wayeyaziwa njengomphathi, lo mkhulu uzoba nenecala lokubulala (kodwa isosha ngeke libe netyala).
(b) Amanye amaqembu . Uma umuntu engeyena umenzi wobugebengu, abe necala lokwephulwa komenzi wobugebengu, lowo muntu kufanele:
Omunye, ngaphandle kokwazi ukulwa nobugebengu noma ukuhlela, ngokungazi ngokugqugquzela noma ukubuyisela omunye usizo ekuthumeni kwecala akabe necala lobugebengu. Bheka izibonelo ezenzelwe izibonelo ezisegabeni 1b (2) (a) ngenhla. Kwezinye izimo, ukungenzi lutho kungenza umuntu abe nesibopho ephathini, lapho kunomsebenzi wokuthatha isenzo. Uma umuntu (isibonelo, umlondolozi) enesibopho sokuphazamisa ekuthumeni kwecala kodwa angaphazamisi, lowo muntu uyinkampani ebugebengu uma lokho kungabhekiswanga kuhloswe futhi kusebenza njengesizo noma isikhuthazo kumenzi wobubi wangempela.
(ii) Yabelana ngenhloso yobugebengu bokuklanywa.
(i) Ukusiza, ukukhuthaza, ukweluleka, ukugqugquzela, ukweluleka, ukuyala, noma ukuthenga omunye ukuba enze, noma ukusiza, ukukhuthaza, ukweluleka, ukweluleka noma ukuyala omunye ekuthumeni kwecala; futhi
(3) Ubukhona .
(a) Akudingekile . Ukuba khona endaweni yesehlakalo akudingekile ukuba wenze iqembu elilodwa ubugebengu futhi libhekele njengenhloko. Isibonelo, umuntu owazi ukuthi lowo muntu uhlose ukudubula omunye umuntu futhi ahlose ukuhlaselwa okunjalo, unikeza umuntu ngesibhamu, unecala lokushaya uma icala lizinikezele, noma lingekho endaweni yesehlakalo.
(b) Akwanele . Ukutholakala kowesimweni sobugebengu akusenzi oyinhloko ngaphandle uma izidingo zesigaba 1b (2) (a) noma (b) sezihlangene.
(4) Izinhlangano ezihlosile zazo ezihlukile kumenzi wobugebengu . Uma icala liphikisana lidinga ubufakazi bezinhloso ezithile noma isimo sengqondo esithile njengesici, ubufakazi bufanele bubonise ukuthi umsolwa unenhloso noma isimo sengqondo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala noma umunye "iqembu" ebugebengu .
Kungenzeka ukuthi iqembu libe nesimo sengqondo esingaphezulu noma esingaphansi kwecala kunomenzi wecala. Esimweni esinjalo, iqembu lingase libe netyala elibi kakhulu kunalokho okwenziwe ngumenzi wobugebengu. Isibonelo, lapho kubulawa umuntu, umenzi wobugebengu angase enze ngokushisa komfutho wokuzwakalisa ngokuzumayo okubangelwa ukuthukuthela okwanele futhi abe necala lokubulala umuntu, kanti iqembu elingenalo lolo thando, linikeza umenzi wobugebengu icala futhi likhuthaza umenzi wobubi ukuba abulale isisulu, uzobe enecala lokubulala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma iqembu lisiza umenzi wobugebengu ekuhlaseleni umuntu, owaziwa kuphela kumenzi wobugebengu, uyisikhulu, iqembu liyoba necala lokushaya, kanti lowo owenza umlandu uzobe enecala lokushaya kulesi sikhulu.
(5) Umthwalo weminye ubugebengu . Inhloko- nhloko ingasolwa ngamacala owenziwe ngenye inhloko uma ngabe lezo zenzo zobugebengu zingabangela ukuthi kube nemiphumela engokwemvelo futhi engase ibe yimbangela yokulwa nobugebengu. Isibonelo, ummangali osolwa ngokugqekeza unecala njengenhloko yecala hhayi kuphela yecala lokugqekeza kodwa futhi, uma umenzi wobugebengu ebulala umhlali ngesikhathi sokugqekeza, lokubulala. (Bheka futhi isigaba 5 mayelana nokuziphendulela kwezenzo ezenziwe ngabalingani.)
(6) Izikhulu ngokuzimela ziboleka . Umuntu angaba yinhloko, ngisho noma umenzi wobugebengu engabonakali noma oshushiswa, noma ehlulwa.
(7) Ukuhoxiswa . Umuntu angase ahoxise ukusebenzisana okuvamile noma ukuklama futhi agweme ukubophezeleka kunoma yiziphi izenzo ezenziwe ngemva kokuhoxiswa. Ukuphumelela, ukuhoxiswa kumele kuhlangabezane nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:
(a) Kumele kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba icala lenziwe;
(b) Usizo, isikhuthazo, iseluleko, ukugqugquzela, iseluleko, umyalelo, noma ukuthengwa okunikezwe ngumuntu kufanele kube yinto ephikisanayo noma engekho; futhi
(c) Ukuhoxiswa kufanele kukhulunywe ngokucacile kulabo ababenze abenza umthetho noma abaphathi abasebenza ngokusemthethweni ngesikhathi sokuthi abahlukumezi balahle uhlelo noma abaphathi bezomthetho ukuvimbela icala.
Ulwazi oluphezulu oluvela kwi-Manual for Court Martial, 2002, Isahluko 4, Isigaba 1