Ufuna ukwazi ukuthi izindiza zingena kanjani futhi ziphume ezikhungweni zezindiza uma kungekho umbhoshongo wokulawula ? Indaba emfushane ukuthi basebenzisa iphethini yethrafikhi ye-traffic, ukungena nokushiya ezindaweni ezivamile kwiphrofayli futhi ngokunye ukuhamba ngendiza engakwazi ukubikezela emoyeni endaweni eyaziwayo ngenkathi ushayele ucingo. Yilokho kuphela. Isebenza, isikhathi esiningi. Manje, nansi inguqulo ende.
Izindiza ezikhanyayo kulindeleke ukuba zihambise iphethini yezimoto ezungeze isikhumulo sezindiza.
Emasimini amancane, angenawo amandla, izikhumulo zezindiza zivunyelwe ukungena futhi zihambe kakhulu kakhulu kodwa zingathanda ukuzenza. Ngokusemandleni, bangakwazi ukundiza imibuthano esikhundleni sezingxube, futhi bangakwazi ukuhamba beya futhi bevela ngenkathi benza imigqa yemigodi uma befisa (ngaphandle kokuthi i-FAA yenza lokho kukhonjiswe nalokhu bese icela Ingxenye 91.13, ethi akukho muntu ongenza ngendlela eyingozi abanye). Kodwa kukhona iphethini evamile (iningi) abashayeli bezindiza abagibela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezindiza zezindiza, futhi kuyisiqeshana esinengxenye eziyisithupha ezihlukene, noma "imilenze."
- Isiqondiso : Iphethini evamile yezimoto igeleza ngakwesobunxele, okusho ukuthi indiza yenza ukujika kwesokunxele iphethini. Amaphethini angekho ajwayelekile, noma ajika ngakwesokudla, akhona ukuze agweme indawo noma izithiyo, noma izinqubo zokubamba umsindo, kodwa iphethini elijwayelekile lingakwesobunxele.
- Ukuphakama : Iphethini igeleza cishe ngamamitha angu-1 000 e-AGL, noma ngaphezulu kwezinga lemhlaba, noma endaweni ephakanyisiwe etholakala esikhungweni sezindiza / isikhungo esishicilelwe yi-FAA. Lokhu kuphakama kungashintsha kuye ngokuthi izithiyo zokuvunywa, indawo, kanye nenqubo yokubethelwa komsindo. Esikhungweni sezindiza elisezingeni lolwandle, ukuphakama kwesimo sezimoto kuzoba yi-MSL ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1. Esikhungweni sezindiza esinamamitha angu-5 500, ukuphakama kwephethini yezimoto kuzoba yi-MSL engaba ngu-6 500 (njengoba kufundwa ku-altimeter yezindiza).
- I-Airspeed : Bonke abashayeli bezindiza kudingeka bahambisane nemikhawulo yejubane engaphezu kwama-200 amathrekhi emaphethini omgwaqo, futhi kufanele balungise isivinini ukufanisa nezinye izindiza kuphethini njengoba zikwazi.
Iphethini yethrafikhi ingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye eziyisithupha: Umlenze wokuhamba, umlenze wokuwela, umlenze wokuwa phansi, umlenze wesisekelo, wokugcina, nokukhuphuka.
Ukuhamba Umlenze
Njengoba omunye angase acabange, umlenze wokuhamba yiyona ndlela indiza ehamba ngayo ngemva kokuhamba. Phakathi nomlenze wokuhamba, umshayeli wemoto uyakhuphuka indiza ngendlela eqondile esuka emgwaqweni ongasemgwaqweni, noma kusho ukubuka - ukubuka ngaphandle kokulondoloza isikhungo esiseduze - noma ngokugcina umzila ohamba phambili esihlokweni esiphezulu. Umshayeli wezokushayela uzogcina lolu hlelo olude lwabagijimi kuze kube yilapho efinyelela okungenani ngamamitha angu-300 ngaphansi kwesiphetho sezimoto. Ukuze uthole ukuphakama kwemikhumbi ye-traffic ye-MSL engu-1 000, umshayeli angase aqale indlela yakhe emlenzeni we-crosswind wephethini cishe ngamamitha angu-700, eqhubeka ekhuphuka kulo lonke ithuba
Umlenze we-Crosswind
Umlenze we-crosswind uyenzeka ngemuva kokuphenduka kokuqala kwe-90-degree uma ufinyelela ukuphakama kwesibonelo sezingxenye ezingaba ngu-300 phakathi nomlenze wokuhamba uye endaweni ehamba phambili emgwaqeni. Umshayeli kufanele aqhubekele ukukhuphukela ekutheni uphendule phezulu ngesikhathi somlenze wokuwela. Lo mlenze ugcina imizuzwana embalwa yendiza enkulu yokukhanya; cishe ibanga elingamakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka emgwaqeni, umshayeli uzokwenza enye indlela eya emlenzeni owehlayo wephethini. A
Umlenze we-Downwind
Cishe ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-distance ukusuka emgwaqeni osebenzayo, umshayeli kumele aphendule umlenze we-downwind, ohambisana nomgwaqo futhi ugeleza ngokumelene nesiqondiso sokufika.
Indiza izobe ihamba "emoyeni" noma ekuqondiseni umoya. Umshayeli wendiza uhamba ubude bomgwaqo endaweni ephakanyisiwe yephethini bese uqala ukumisa ukufika, mhlawumbe uqedela uhlu lokuhlola "ngaphambi kokufika", wanezela amaphuzu kanye / noma uqinisekise ukuthi igesi liphansi futhi livalelwe phakathi nalesi sigaba. I-Abeam (90 degrees perpendicular to) iphuzu lokufika, noma ukuphela kokuhamba komgwaqo onqenqemeni, umshayeli wezindiza cishe uzokwehlisa amandla futhi aqale ukwehla kancane kancane.
I-Base Leg
Esimweni sokuhlaselwa phansi, ngapha nangapha cishe ngezinga elingama-45-degree ukusuka ekupheleni komgwaqo, umshayeli weqhawe kufanele aqale ibhange eliphakathi abuyele emlenzeni wesisekelo, futhi aphinde acatshangelwe emgwaqweni wokugibela. Umshayeli wesibhamu uqhubeka nokuzala kwakhe ngendlela ejwayelekile yokuzala ngenkathi enezela amaphupho uma kunesidingo.
Lapho kufike endaweni engama-90-degree ukusuka emgwaqweni wokugibela, umshayeli uzobuyela emlenzeni wokugcina wephethini.
Isigungu sokugcina
Umlenze wokugcina wephethini kufanele uchithe ukuqedela indlela, uqaphele ukucushwa kwezindiza, ukuphakama kwe-airspeed, ukuphakama, nokwehla kwamanani. Uma usendleleni efanele ye-glide, umshayeli uzobe e-airspeed ephakanyisiwe yendiza ethize, ehla ngesilinganiso esilinganiselwe futhi esimweni esivamile ukuze umhlaba ube nama-flaps kanye namagare anwetshiwe uma kudingeka. Phakathi nomlenze wokugcina wephethini, umshayeli wemoto wehla yonke indlela eya emgwaqweni wokufika.
Umlenze ophezulu
Ngesikhathi sokufinyelela, izinto eziningi zingenzeka ukuthi kungabangela ukuba umshayeli wezindiza azungeze noma enze "indlela engabanjwanga." Enye indiza emgwaqeni, indlela engaqiniseki noma ukutholakala kokuvuthwa kwayo kungasho ukuthi umshayeli wemoto uzokhetha ukungabi khona umhlaba, kodwa uzokwenza indlela engabanjwanga noma ukuhamba, lapho umshayeli efaka khona amandla agcwele (noma asithatha) , ekhuphuka emhlabathini, futhi abuye aphinde abuyele indiza yokukhuphuka. Ngalesi sikhathi, umshayeli we-pilot kufanele ajoyine ingxenye ephakanyisiwe yephethini, ehlangene ngakwesokudla komgwaqo (ngesimo esisezingeni eliphansi kwesobunxele) kancane. Umlenze okhuphukayo uzobe ugijima kuze kube sesikhundleni sokuphendukela emlenzeni we-crosswind.
Ukungena kwi-Pattern
Ukungena kwendlela yokuhamba emgwaqweni kufanele, uma kwenzeka, kwenziwe kusuka ku-45 degree degree kuya emlenzeni wokuwa phansi, ujoyine umlenze we-downwind wephethini ojikeleze maphakathi nendawo, noma okungenani isikhathi esanele sokushayela umshayeli izindiza ngendlela evamile.
Ukukhipha isibonelo
Ukuhamba okuvela emaphethini kufanele, uma kunokwenzeka, kugijime ukusuka emlenzeni wokuhamba noma okhuphuka phezulu, ngokuqondile noma nge-degree-45 degree ekuqondeni kwephethini emlenzeni wokuwela.
QAPHELA: Lezi ziqondiso kuphela. Izifiki ezingeni lezikhumulo ezingenawo amandla zivame ukuvela kuzo zonke izinkomba, futhi ukuhamba ngokuvamile kuvame kunoma iyiphi indlela umshayeli oyithandayo. Kumele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa ukuze uhlale uqaphile ekuboneni ngokucacile ukuhamba kwezimoto ezibangelwayo futhi eziphumayo kuwo wonke amacala. Qaphela futhi wenze izingcingo zomsakazo ngesikhathi esifanele.
Umthombo: FAA Airplane Flying Handbook