Umlando wezindaba ze-TV ema-1960s
Ezinsukwini ezindala zamnyama nezamhlophe zethelevishini, labo abasebenza ezindabeni ze-TV babevame ukuthola izizinda emsakazweni noma emaphephandabeni. Ukusakazwa kwezindaba zethelevishini kwavinjelwa ngoba kwakungekho idumela le-journalism journalism, futhi ayikwazanga ukuqedela ngokubukwa, ekubukeni kwesimo somsakazo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemishini ephathekayo.
Kodwa izindaba ze-TV zakhula ngokushesha ngokubulawa kukaKennedy. Lo mcimbi wawubaluleke kakhulu, kungenye yezinguquko ezingu - 12 ezishintshe ukufakwa kwezindaba ze-TV kuze kube phakade. Abaphathi bezindaba ze-TV kwakudingeka bathole indlela yokuthola ividiyo ebukhoma , ifilimu, namanje izithombe - noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesithombe - kusukela endaweni yesehlakalo eDallas, eTexas, kuya kuma-studio enethiwekhi ukuze adluliselwe esizweni. Umkhuba wendabuko wokuba nomuntu wezindaba (kwakungenabo besifazane) ukumane ufunde iskripthi ekhamera esuka eNew York noma eWashington ngeke kube ngokwanele.
Lo mcimbi ukhombise abantu kumanethiwekhi nakweziteshi ezihlangene ezweni lonke ukuthi umlando wezindaba ze-TV uzokwenziwa ngezithombe namavidiyo.
Lokho kubonakala namuhla, kodwa eminyakeni engama-50 edlule kwakungekho ndlela elula yokukhiqiza ithelevishini kusuka endaweni yesehlakalo sezindaba.
Izindaba ezivela empini yeVietnam zazizinsuku ezindala ngaphambi kokuba zifike emakamelweni okuhlala aseMelika. Ukutholakala okubukhoma kwezigubhu noma ezinye izenzakalo ezihleliwe zathatha amaloli amakhulu namakhamera okwakufanele abekwe amahora ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ama-satellites ayengekho azungeze ukuthumela ividiyo emhlabeni wonke ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Umlando wezindaba ze-TV ema-1970
Ishumi elisha elisha laletha izindaba eziningi ezithelevishini. Ababukeli babebona abantu ngaphandle kwamadoda amhlophe behambisa izindaba zabo njengeziteshi kanye namanethiwekhi wanezela abesifazane nabantu bezinye izinhlanga kubasebenzi babo. UBarbara Walters wenza umlando wezindaba we-TV lapho ejoyina i-Harry Reasoner e-ABC ukuba abe ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuhlanganisa i-networkcastcast.
Iziteshi zendawo, umkhuba waqala ukuba nezindaba "amaqembu" eveza izindaba, kunokuba nje umuntu ephethe idesksi elula. Ngesikhathi se-TV yombala, imali eningi isetshenziselwa ama-desk amahange, umculo wezindaba, umklamo we-logo nokukhuthazwa kwezindaba. Bonisa ibhizinisi laqala ukuthonya ezindabeni emazingeni asemakhaya nakwazwelonke. Ababonisi babevame ukuqasha ukuqhuba ucwaningo lwemakethe. Ukugxila kugxile ekwenzeni abantu ulwazi abafuna ukubona, ngokubambisana nalokho okudingeka bakwazi.
Yingenye yezizathu zezindaba ze-TV zendawo zendawo eziqala ukubheka okufanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuke eDenver, eDallas noma eDetroit. Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni, iziteshi zanquma amaqembu abo okugcina ama-anchor adingekayo ukuba afudumele, abe nobungane futhi ahlekisayo, okwaqala inkathi abanye ababiza ngokuthi "inkulumo ejabulisayo." I-banter emkhatsini wamalungu wethimba yahlaselwa ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane nababukeli, ngakho-ke umgqugquzeli ohleka ukuhleka usulu we-necktie we-necktie wakhuthazwa ukuba avuselele "umbukiso".
Phakathi nale minyaka eyishumi, i-videotape yaqala ukufaka esikhundleni sefilimu, okwenza kube lula ukuthola izithombe emoyeni ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaloli amancane we-microwave avumela iziteshi zendawo ukuthi "zihambe bukhoma" zisuka endaweni yesexwayiso somzuzwana. Ukuze kulungiswe izindleko zokuthenga leli gear, ezinye iziteshi zimboze i-ribbon cuttings nezinye izenzakalo zezindaba ezimnandi zihlala, ukuze zibonise ukuthi zingakwazi.
Umlando wezindaba ze-TV ema-1980
Ama-1980 aphinde abonise ukuthi ama-TV ama-consulting amafemu ashintshe kanjani umlando wezindaba ze-TV. Baqinisekisa abaphathi benethiwekhi neziteshi ukuthi kukhona okungaphezulu okuzovela ngaphandle kwezindaba ezijwayelekile, isimo sezulu, nezemidlalo.
Izinhlangano zezindaba zazifuna ukwenza ukuphila kwababukeli kube ngcono. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubika kwezempilo kanye nabathengi ukusiza abantu baphile isikhathi eside futhi balondoloze imali. Akusekho ama-newscasts ayesekelwe ezenzakalweni zosuku lokuqukethwe. Le mibiko, ebizwa ngokuthi "i-franchise", yayivame ukugqugquzelwa kakhulu njengendlela yokuhlukanisa i-newscast emncintiswaneni.
Abagxeki bavame ukuvotela iziteshi zendawo ngokubeka isitayela ngaphezu kwempahla, kepha leyo nkokhelo ingenziwa futhi ezingeni lenethiwekhi. Ngesikhathi i-Walter Cronkite eyisibonakaliso ethatha umhlalaphansi ekutheni athole i- CBS Evening News ngo-1981, wabe esenqotshwa nguDan Kunalokho, owayeyaziwa ngokubika kwakhe okunzima emaphepheni ama- 60 Amaminithi wezindaba. Kwakukhona isikhathi esasiqala ukugqoka ama-sweaters emoyeni ngaphansi kwejazi lakhe elilodwa - abanye bathi ukufudumala ukuqhubeka kwakhe.
Le minyaka eyishumi yabona ukwethulwa kwamakhompiyutha ezindlini eziningi zezindaba, okwenza konke ukutholakala ezindabeni ezigcinwe ezigciniwe efonini yocingo lasekhaya kamasipala. Ama-Network kanye nezinye iziteshi zanezela ngisho namaloli we-satellites eqoqa izindaba, okwabenza bakwazi ukushayela izwe lonke ukuhambela imibiko yezindaba. Njengokungeniswa kwamaloli ezincane ezincane eminyakeni yama-1970, iziteshi zafuna noma yisiphi isizathu sokusebenzisa le mishini, ngisho nokushayela amakhulu amamayela ukumboza iziphepho ezingasongela indawo yabo yokufaka indawo.
Umlando wezindaba ze-TV ema-1990
Ngamanethiwekhi, ngawo-1990 kwakuyiminyaka yendaba. Ngesikhathi ababukeli bevele bejwayele ama- 60 Amaminithi kanye ne-ABC ka- 20/20 , ezinye iziboniso ezifanayo zaqala ukuvela kumahlelo omsebenzi wenethiwekhi njengesinye eshibhile ekuhlelweni kokuzijabulisa kwe-script. I-ABC's Primetime Live (okuyinto empeleni iqala ngasekupheleni kuka-1989), i-NBC's Dateline NBC kanye ne-CBS Eye Eye ngeConnie Chung yizibonelo ezimbalwa zalesikhathi.
Ama-newsmagazines amaningi alwa ukuze azenzele amagama ngokuphendulela ekuphenyweni kokuphenya, okwakhiqiza impikiswano. Idatshana iNBC yaphoqeleka ukuba ixolise ngemuva kokuthi ihambise umbiko ongekho emotweni yamaloli esolwa ngamaphoyisa. I- Prime Time Live ye-ABC yathatha ukushisa ngendlela ebika ngayo indaba mayelana nokuphathwa kwezokudla kokudla kwe-chain chain.
Ezinye iziteshi zendawo zishiya ekubikeni kwempilo yomndeni kanye nokuthengwa kwabathengi ukubheja kanzima, uphenyo lwesitayela. Ama-logos aklanyelwe ukuba abe mkhulu, afanele ukuheha ababukeli, manje ababenezinhlelo eziningi kakhulu zokubuka ngaphandle kwezindaba zezindaba ngenxa ye-cable TV.
UMengameli uBill Clinton ukuhlambalaza ngokocansi okubandakanya uMonica Lewinsky kwakuyindaba eyenziwe ngalesi sikhathi. Noma kunjalo, iningi lamaphephandaba linyatheliswa ukuthi lizophinda liphinde imininingwane eyedlula phansi umengameli.
Njengoba i-Inthanethi iqale ukuba yingxenye yamakhaya aseMelika, izinhlangano zezindaba zakha izinhlelo zabo zokuqala ze-imeyili namawebhusayithi ukuze baxoxe nomphakathi ngendlela entsha. Babengazi ngaleso sikhathi nge-revolution yekhompyutheni engayinselela ukubusa kwabo njengabahlinzeki bezindaba.
Umlando wezindaba ze-TV kuma-2000s
Ukucwaningwa kwamakethe nobuchwepheshe buyisa isihlalo sokwazisa ekubikweni okudala esikhathini sama-2000, ngenxa yezenzakalo ezimbili - ukhetho likamongameli ka-2000 kanye nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngo-2001. Ngokungazelelwe, ukuklanywa kwe-anchor kanye nokwaziswa kobulili kobulili kwaba yinto encane.
Ukhetho lukaMengameli luka-2000 aluyena umcimbi owenzelwe i-tv njengesiqalisi sokuhambisa isikhala noma isiphepho, kodwa abaphathi bethelevishini babengenakukhetha kodwa ukusibekela. Ukuqoqwa kwamaqoqo kanye nokulandisa kwamaFlorida okungenzeka akuzange kube nokwenza izinhlelo zokuthakazelisa, kodwa ikusasa likaMengameli lihlehlisiwe. Izindaba ze-TV zasiza abaseMelika ukuthi baqonde i-Electoral College kanye nezinye izinto ezikukhohliwe esikhathini eside sokhetho lwethu lokukhethwa.
Ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula okwenzeka ngo-9/11 ngokwabo kwakushintsha izindaba ze-TV ngezindlela ezingenakubikezelwa. Izikhonkwane zithola ukuthi kufanele zibike kanyekanye izindaba ezimbi ngenkathi zizama ukunikeza abanye iziqinisekiso. Amakamelo ezindaba abezwa ngamahemuhemu okuqhubekayo amaphekula kwakudingeka anqume ukuthi kufanele abike lokho ayekuziyo noma alinde ukuze athole amaqiniso.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhusayithi kuvunyelwe ukuthi izindaba zevidiyo zihanjiswe kalula, ezethula inselele yayo. Izinhlangano zezindaba kumele zikhethe ukuthi ngabe zizobeka kanjani izindaba kwi-intanethi ngokushesha ukushaya abancintisana nabo noma zigcine kuze kube ngemva kokusakaza kwabo emoyeni ukuze ababukeli babo bangahlupheki.
Umlando wezindaba ze-TV kuma-2010s
Leli shumi lilethe izinguquko eziningi zezobuchwepheshe ukuthi kunzima ukunquma ukuthi izibukeli zifunani kusukela ku-TVcastcast. Kunezinqumo eziningi kakhulu lapho ukuthola khona ulwazi oluhlezi ukubuka izindaba ze-6: 00 ntambama liba umkhuba wezizukulwane ezedlulele ngokungahambisani kakhulu nabathengi bezindaba zanamuhla.
Amakamelo wezindaba ze-TV ashintsha izinto eziza kuqala ukuze abe abahlinzeki belwazi kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlukahlukene. Amawebhusayithi ayingxenye yendlela yokulethwa. I-Facebook, i-Twitter kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana kwezenhlalo ziye zaba izindlela ezibalulekile zokufinyelela ababukeli abangaba khona lapho bexhomeke khona. Amadivayisi eselula, kusuka kumakhalekhukhwini kuya kumakhompyutha wethebhulethi, aphoqelela isu lokuthuthukiswa ukuze kufinyelele abantu ekuhambeni.
Kulula ukucabanga ukuthi izindaba ze-TV zendabuko ngeke zisinde isikhathi eside. Kodwa iziteshi eziphumelelayo namanethiwekhi angakhuphula amathuba abo okuba phakathi kwamashumi eminyaka ngokugxila kulokho okuye kwafinyelela kule phuzu - ukubika okuqinile, okunembile okungathonywa yimithombo yangaphandle, izethulo ezibukwayo ezibukwayo kanye nezinduna ze- TV ezithembekile ezifomayo ubudlelwane obuhlala njalo nezilaleli zabo.