Ukuphinga Kubhekwa Njani "Ubugebengu" Emasosha?
Ngakho-ke, ukuphinga kusekhona yini icala ngaphansi kohlelo lobulungiswa bezempi? Yebo-futhi cha. Empeleni kuncike ezimweni.
Ungamangala lapho ufunda ukuthi ukuphinga akubalwanga njengecala eNqumweni Elingavamile Yezobulungiswa BaseMpi (UCMJ). I-UCMJ ngumthetho wesifundazwe, owenziwe yiCongress, ukulawula isiyalo somthetho kanye namartials enkantolo ngamalungu amabutho ahlomile. Izigaba 77 kuya ku-134 ze-UCMJ zihlanganisa "amacala okujezisa" (lokhu kuyibugebengu umuntu angashushiswa ngakho). Ayikho yalezi zihloko ezikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokuphinga.
Ukuphinga empini kuyashushiswa ngaphansi kwe-Article 134, eyaziwa nangokuthi "Isihloko Esijwayelekile." Isigaba 134 simane simane sivimbela ukuziphatha okungokwemvelo ukuletha ukuhlonipha amabutho ahlomile, noma ukuziphatha okulimaza ukuhleleka nokuhleleka.
I-UCMJ ivumela uMongameli we-United States ukuba aqondise i-UCMJ ngokubhala i-Order Order, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Manual for Court Martial (MCM). I-MCM ihlanganisa i-UCMJ, futhi iphinde ihlanganise i-UCMJ ngokusungula "Izinto Zokufakazela," (lokho okumele uhulumeni abonise * ukusola icala), incazelo yeziphambeko, kanye nezijeziso ezivunyelwe kakhulu zecala ngalinye (phakathi kwezinye izinto ).
Nakuba i-MCM i-Order Ephakeme, eyamiswa nguMongameli, empeleni, okuningi okuqukethwe kubangelwa izinqumo zamakhotho ezempi nezombusazwe.
Enye yezinto uMCM akwenzayo ukwandisa isigaba 134 "ezihlokweni ezihlukahlukene" ezihlukahlukene. Esinye salezi "zincazelo" zihlanganisa icala lokuphinga ( Isigaba 134, isigaba 62 ).
Ukuphinga, njengecala lempi, kunzima ukushushisa (ngokomthetho) ngezizathu eziningana.
Kunezintathu "Elements of Proof" ngenxa yecala Lokuphinga e-Military:
- Ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza ubulili nomuntu othize;
- Ngaleso sikhathi, umsolwa noma omunye umuntu washada nomunye umuntu; futhi
- Ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo, ukuziphatha kommangali kwakungenxa yokubandlululwa kokuhleleka nokuqondiswa emabuthweni ahlomile noma kwakungokwemvelo ukuletha ukuhlonipha amabutho ahlomile.
I-Element # 2 ivame ukulula kakhulu uhulumeni ukufakazela. Kuvame ukuthi ubufakazi obubhalwe ngokwanele bokufakazela ukuthi ngabe umuntu oshadile ngokomthetho noma cha. (Abantu abaningi bayomangala ukuzwa ukuthi empini, umuntu oyedwa angakhokhiswa icala lobugebengu ).
I-Element # 1 ingaba nzima kakhulu ukufakazela. Khumbula, ijaji lenkantolo (njengenkantolo yomphakathi) idinga ubufakazi * ngaphandle kokungabaza okuzwakalayo. Ubufakazi bokulala ngokobulili kuvame ukufuna izithombe, ukuvuma kwesinye sezinhlangothi ezibandakanyekayo, ubufakazi be-eye, noma ubufakazi obamukelekile ngokomthetho. (Iqiniso lokuthi omunye umuntu uhlale endlini yomunye umuntu, noma ngisho nokulala nabo embhedeni owodwa akuwona ubufakazi bokulala ngokocansi.
I-Element # 3, ezimweni eziningi, kungaba yinto enzima kakhulu ukufakazela. Uhulumeni kumele akhombise ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu kube nomthelela omubi ngqo empi. Lokhu kuvame ukubandakanya amacala okuxoxisana (iphoyisa nokubhaliswa) noma ubuhlobo nomunye ilungu lezempi, noma umlingani wezempi.
Abanye benu bangase bakhumbule icala elidumile Lt. Kelly Flynn icala leminyaka embalwa emuva. ULt. Kelly Flynn wayengumshayeli wokuqala we-Air Force B-52 . Ngeshwa, u-Lt Flynn wayengumphathi ongashadile owayenezihlobo nomuntu oshadile. ULt. Flynn welulekwa yi-First Sergeant, futhi kamuva wabizwa ngu-Commander wakhe, ukuqeda lo mcimbi. Waqhekeka naye "isoka," kodwa kamuva babuyela ndawonye, futhi - lapho ebuzwa ngakho - uLt. Flynn waqamba amanga. ULt. Flynn wabe esebekwa icala ngamacala okuphinga, enikeza isitatimende esingekho emthethweni, eqhuba engafaneleki isikhulu , futhi engalaleli umyalelo wesiphathimandla esiphezulu.
Ngakho-ke, kwakuphi "uxhumano lwezempi" lwecala lokuphinga? Uthi, "isoka", "umlingani," wayengumyeni womsebenzi osebenzayo ojoyina i-Air Force ilungu elisezingeni elifanayo noLt. Flynn. Ngakho-ke, "ukuthinta" kukaLt. Flynn kwakunomthelela omubi kakhulu kulolo lungu lombutho wezempi (umfazi obhalisiwe nguye owaqala ukukhononda ngezenzo ezingalungile zikaLt Flynn).
ULt. Flynn akazange abhekane nenkantolo yezempi, kodwa; wavunyelwa ukuyeka umsebenzi wakhe esikhundleni senkantolo yamacala (okuningi kokunakekelwa kwemithombo kungenzeka kube nokuthile okuphathelene nalesi sinqumo yi-Air Force).
Ngonyaka we-1998, i-Clinton Administration yabhala ushintsho kwi-Manual for Courts-Martial, eyanikeza ukuthi amacala okuphinga asebenze ezingeni eliphansi kunazo zonke, futhi anikeze isiqondiso esithile sokuba abalawuli basebenzise ukuze banqume noma ngabe ukuziphatha kwalungu "ukubandlulula ukuhleleka nokuhleleka," noma "wezinto ezizoletha ukuhlambalaza amabutho ahlomile." Ngesikhathi uMongameli enamandla okukhipha izinguquko ku-MCM, lesi siphakamiso sabangela ukukhala futhi sishaya iCongress futhi sahlehliswa.
Kodwa-ke, ngohambo luka-2002, uMengameli Bush wenza izinguquko eziningi eziphakanyiswa nguMongameli Clinton. Ngaphandle kwezinto zokufakazela, "inkulumo ethi" incazelo "ngaphansi kwalesi senzo manje idinga ukuba abaphathi bacabangele izici eziningana lapho beqaphela ukuthi noma ngabe yini" yokwephinga "ewubugebengu noma cha.
Ngaphambi kokuba ngikhulume ngalezi zinto, kubalulekile ukuqonda indima yesikhulu esilawulayo ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lobugebengu baseMpi . Esimweni sezombusazwe, noma ngabe isigameko kufanele sishushiswe njengobugebengu kuze kube ku-Attorney District (DA). Isibonelo, edolobheni lapho ngakhulela khona, umthengisi oneminyaka engu-70 ubudala owaphangwa izikhathi eziningi kakhulu, wathola isibhamu wabe esethatha isibhamu esithile kumphangi njengoba umphangi ezama ukukhipha. Lokhu "ubugebengu" ngaphansi komthetho. Akuyona "ukuzivikela," njengoba umphangi esevele eshayela ngaleso sikhathi, futhi umnini wesitolo wayengenaso isizathu sokwesaba ukuphila kwakhe, ngesikhathi edubula. Ngaphansi komthetho, umthengisi wayengashushiswa ngamacala amaningana, kusukela ekukhishwe kwesibhamu ngokungemthetho ngaphakathi kwemingcele yedolobha, ukuzama ukubulala. Nokho, ngaphansi kwezimo, i-DA inqatshelwe ukushushisa. I-DA inomuzwa wokuthi ngenxa yobudala bomthengisi, umlando wokuphanga kwangaphambilini, neqiniso elinenhlanhla akazange amshaya noma ubani, ukuthi ukushushiswa kwakungeyona into enhle yomphakathi.
E-Military, indima ye-DA yenziwa ngumphathi, emva kokubonisana noMmeli Ommeli Jikelele (JAG) . Akuyona i-JAG enquma ukuthi ubani ongashushiswa ngenxa yecala ku-Military (yena uyala kuphela). Ungumphathi owenza isinqumo esiphezulu. Manje lokho akusho ukuthi i-DA noma isikhulu esiphezulu sinamandla okulingana. I-DA inesibopho sesinqumo sakhe kumphathi wakhe (mhlawumbe abantu abakhethele esikhundleni, noma isikhulu esikhethiwe esabekwa sona, kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi), futhi umphathi wezempi unesibopho sakhe boss (izikhulu ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokuqondisa e-chain of command).
Kudingeka Amahhovisi Wokulawula Amandla
Njengoba kukhulunywe ngenhla, i-Manual for Courts-Martial manje idinga ukuthi abaphathi babheke izici ezithile lapho kunquma ukuthi ukuphinga kungathonya ngqo empi, futhi kufanele kuthathwe njengecala lobugebengu:
- Isimo somshado somsolwa, isikhundla sezempi , ibanga, noma isikhundla.
- Isimo somshado we-co-actor, isikhundla sezempi, ibanga, nesimo, noma ubudlelwane namabutho ahlomile .
- Isimo sezempi somlingani wommangalelwa noma umlingani womlingisi, noma ubuhlobo babo namabutho ahlomile.
Uma isikhulu sezempi esiphezulu esinjenge-Wing Commander, noma i-Battalion Commander sinobudlelwane, lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba nomthelela omubi ngqo eMpi (umbono womphakathi-ohlakaniphile) kunokuba ngabe umhluku womabili unalo indaba. Uma uSihlalo we-Joint Chief of Staff (inkampani yezinkanyezi ezingu-4) ebanjwa enesibambisene, kungenzeka ukuthi ku-Fox News, CNN, futhi uholele emaphephandabeni amakhulu masinyane. Uma le-strip emibili ibanjwe inesibambisene, cishe ngeke isilinganise umugqa owodwa ephephandabeni lendawo.
Uma le ndaba ihilela abantu ababili baseMpi (ikakhulukazi uma beyiyunithi efanayo), lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kube nomthelela omubi ngqo eMpilweni kunokuba uma umuntu wezempi enesibambisene nomuntu ongenalo uxhumano kuMbutho Wezempi. Uma lokhu kuhilela ukwephula ubugebengu obengeziwe, lokhu cishe kuyoba nethonya eliqondile eMbusweni.
- Umthelela, uma ukhona, ubuhlobo bokuphinga ngokukwazi kommangalelwa, umxhumanisi, noma oshade naye noma ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ukusekela amabutho ahlomile.
Ngesikhathi ngingu-First Sergeant e- Edwards Air Force Base, ngisabela empikiswaneni yasekhaya phakathi kwamalungu amabutho amabili ashadile , bobabili abelwe esigabeni sami. Akuzange kubonakale sengathi kukhona ubudlova obuhilelekile, futhi - njengoba kungekho ozimisele ukungitshela kahle ukuthi le mpikiswano yayikuphi - nganquma ukubeka ilungu lesilisa emgodini izinsuku ezimbalwa, ukuze ngibanike isikhathi "sokupholisa".
Ngomso ntambama, ngathola ucingo oluvela ku- Security Forces (Air Force "Amakhophi"), owathi basabela emgodini wami ngoba bathola ucingo ukuthi kwakukhona owesifazane endaweni yokupaka ephethe isibhamu, ecula. Njengoba kuvela (usuqagele), kwakuyilungu lesifazane. Kubonakala sengathi imbangela yempikiswano yayiwukuthi wathola ukuthi umyeni wakhe wayenomunye nomunye ilungu lezempi. Ngeshwa, lelo elinye ilungu lenzekile ukuba lihlale edilini elifanayo ngathuthela ilungu lesilisa. Umcabango wokuthi babe esakhiweni esifanayo wabangela ukuba "athole." Waphuma (ngesibhamu) efuna kubo (ngokubonga, akazange abathole, futhi isibhamu asizange sithwale). Kunoma yikuphi, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi into ephingayo yelungu lomuntu yaba nomthelela oqondile ekwenzeni ilungu lomfazi ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe.
- Ukusebenzisa kabi, uma kukhona, ngesikhathi sesikhathi sikahulumeni kanye nezinsiza zokusiza ikhomishini yokuziphatha.
Ngesinye isikhathi (futhi e-Edwards Air Force Base), ngathola ngo-10: 00 ntambama ucingo oluvela kumngane womshado othukuthele womunye wamalungu anikezwe eqenjini lami. Uthe ucabanga ukuthi umyeni wakhe ube nezindaba, ngakho-ke wamlandela ngalobo busuku lapho ehamba esitokisini, wathatha owesifazane osemusha wabe eseya esakhiweni sesigqeko.
Ngahamba ngaphesheya kwesigcawu futhi ngaya esigabeni somsebenzi welungu. Ngisebenzisa ukhiye wami wenkosi, ngangivula ngomsindo futhi ngithi - kahle, uthola isithombe. Ngokusobala, leli khetho elikhethwa yilungu lokuqhuba imisebenzi yakhe yokuphinga kwakuwukuphulwa okucacile kwalesi simiso esithile.
- Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo naphezu kokululekwa noma imiyalo yokuyeka; ukukhwabanisa kokuziphatha, njengokungathi noma yikuphi ukuhlonishwa okulandelayo; futhi ngabe isenzo sokuphinga sasihambisana nezinye ukwephulwa kwe-UCMJ.
Ezimweni eziningi, uma isikhulu esilawulayo sithola ulwazi lokuthi ilungu, noma kungenzeka, lihileleke ekuziphatheni okubi, umlawuli wamaphoyisa uzama ukuxazulula isimo ngokululekwa ilungu. Kwezinye izimo, ukwelulekwa kuhambisane nomyalelo wezomthetho ukuyeka noma yikuphi ukuziphatha okuphinga. Uma ilungu livumelana, lokho kuvame ukuphela kwalolu daba. Khumbula icala likaLt. Kelly Flynn - uSergeant wokuqala nomlawuli wamaphoyisa bazama ukuxazulula lesi simo ngokululekwa kanye nomyalelo wokuqeda ubuhlobo. Uma uLt. Flynn evumelana, kungenzeka abe yisikhulu esiphakeme eMnyangweni wezeMpilo kuze kube namuhla. Kodwa, akazange alalele lo mthetho, ephula i- Article 90 ye-UCMJ, wabe eseqamba amanga ngakho, ngokuphula i- Article 107 .
- Umthelela omubi wokuziphatha kumayunithi noma izinhlangano zommangalelwa, umlingisi noma umlingani womunye wabo, njengethonya elilimazayo kwi-unit noma inhlangano yokuziphatha, ukusebenzisana kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Indaba ephangalayo yokuthi akekho owaziyo cishe ngeke ibe nethonya elibi kwiyunithi yamaqembu abathintekayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma "wonke umuntu" eyunithi "eyazi" ngakho (njenganoma iyiphi i-"office affair"), kungabangela ukungezwani nokufutheka ngaphakathi kweyunithi.
Ngesinye isikhathi, ngenkathi esabelwe njenge- First Sergeant eqenjini le-Air Force F-15 eBitburg Air Base eJalimane, isikhulu sethu sathunyelwa i-TDY (Isikhathi Sesikhashana) amaviki amabili ku-Nellis AFB (Las Vegas) ukuba iqhaza "Olubomvu" wonyaka I-Flag "yokuzivocavoca. Cishe ingxenye yesigamu se-TDY, ngathola amahemuhemu ukuthi ngesikhala esingaphansi kwesonto ngoLwesihlanu ebusuku, umabhalane wokusebenza wesifazane wesifazane oyedwa kanye nomshayeli othile oshadile (umphathi wezinyunyana) wayebonwa edansa kakhulu "eshisayo futhi esindayo "ekhoneni le-bar lapho kwenzeka khona iqembu. "Wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngalobobusuku lapho lo mbhangqwana ushiye ibha.
Lapho ngizwa amahemuhemu, ngachaza lo mlawuli, futhi weluleka umshayeli, ngenkathi nginenkulumo nelungu elibhalisiwe. Sasingenaso "ubufakazi" bokuthi ubulili bwenzeke, kodwa sifuna ukususa isimo esimweni se-Budget. Kuzo zonke izinkomba, le ndaba (uma ikhona) iphelile ngokushesha. Nokho, lapho siphindela ekhaya, amahemuhemu aqhubeka. Uma lo mhluzi womabili ehlaba umxhwele lapho ehamba khona, lezi zigcawu zazigcwele ukuhleba. Uma kubonakala sengathi umshayeli wachitha isikhathi esiningi edeskini yomsebenzi (lapho u-airman esebenza khona) ebheka isimiso sendiza yansuku zonke, ama-smell azoqala futhi.
Ngelinye ilanga amahlebezi afika ezindlebeni zenkosikazi yomshayeli futhi wadlulisela amahemuhemu ku-Wing Commander (noma kunjalo, ngokuqinisekile "akazange ahlebe"). Yilapho zonke izinto zithinta umlingiswa wesaga. Nakuba ubugebengu bokuthi "ukuphinga" abukhokhwanga (akukho ndlela yokufakazela ukuthi ubulili boqobo buvele bukhona), umshayeli wesigameko wathola i-Article 15 ukuze ahlanganyele (ukuziphatha okungalungile nelungu elibhalisiwe), okwenza kahle kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe. Ilungu elibhalisiwe lathula ngokuthula lacela ukukhishwa, futhi lavunyelwa kalula (wathola ukukhishwa "jikelele").
- Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ummangalelwa noma umlingisi uhlukanisiwe ngokomthetho ; futhi
- Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuziphatha okungaziphathi kahle kuhilela ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo noma bamuva noma bude ngesikhathi.
Ezimweni eziningi, abaphathi bokuphatha ngeke babe konke okuphathelene nobuhlobo bobulili okwenzeka ngemuva kokuba ilungu lihlukaniswe ngokomthetho nomlingani wakhe, ngaphandle uma liyinto ehilela omunye umthelela omubi ngqo eMbusweni, njengokubambisana. Ukwengeza, abalawuli ngeke babe bonke abakhathazekile ngezinsolo zokuthi ilunga linenkinga yokuphinga esikhathini esithile esidlule.
Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi izigameko eziningi zokuthi "ukuphinga" angeke kubhekwe "ubugebengu" obujeziswa empini, ngaphandle uma isikhulu esinqunyiwe sithinta ukuthi kunomthelela ongathí ngqo emotweni ngokwawo. Kwezinye izimo, lolu daba lungcono ukuxazululwa enkantolo yombango (isahlukaniso), njengalabo abahlali.
Ezweni lezombusazwe, kulula ukuthola ama-DA "asebenza kanzima" ekushushiseni izinhlobo ezithile zobugebengu endaweni eyodwa kunezinye. Isibonelo, ama-DA aseNebraska cishe angaphatha isambulela ngombono onzima kunama-DA eCalifornia. Emahhovisi aseMpi, ephethe amakhomishana ehlukene abuye ahluke uma ehlola izimo ezingenhla. Abanye abalawuli banganikeza izimo umbono wokukhululeka kunabanye. Ukwengeza, abantu abaningi baseMpi (kubandakanya abaphathi abaningi abaphethe), banomuzwa wokuthi, njengoba ukuphinga akuyona icala lobugebengu empilweni yomphakathi (kulawulwa yizinkantolo zesehlukaniso, hhayi izinkantolo zobugebengu), ngakho kufanele kube seMpi.
Ekuhlangenwe nakho kwami, ukuphinga cishe akukaze kubekwe icala njengecala "lokuma yedwa" ku- Article 15 noma izinyathelo zenkantolo . Ngokuvamile kufakwe kuhlu lwamacala, kuphela uma ilunga selizobe lishushiswa ngenxa yecala elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kwamacala obugebengu. Isibonelo, uma ummangali ethatha isinqumo sokushushisa ilungu leMpi elishadile lobugebengu bokubheka ukuhlola okungalungile, futhi uphenyo luvezile ukuthi ilungu libhalele amasheke ukuze likhokhele igumbi lehhotela ukuze libe nomunye nomunye umuntu, umlawuli anganquma "ukufaka icala lokuphinga ohlwini lwamacala okuhlola amabi.
Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi amalungu ezempi akhululekile ukuzitholela noma ubani oyifunayo. Abalawuli banokuhlakanipha okukhulu uma kuziwa ezinkambisweni zokuphatha, futhi izenzo zokuphatha (njengokumangalela, ukuphika ukukhushulwa, ukuphawula kombiko wokusebenza, njll) azilawulwa izidingo zomthetho eziqine kakhulu ze-UCMJ noma i-Manual for Courts-Martial .
Uma lolu daba luxazululwa ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ngaphansi kwesigatshana se-15 noma izigwebo zokuphatha, izenzo zivikelwe ngaphansi koMthetho Wobumfihlo ka-1974. Kuyinto kuphela irekhodi lomphakathi uma ilungu lijeziswa yi-Courts-Martial. Ngaphansi koMthetho Wobumfihlo, izikhulu zokuyala azivunyelwe, ngu-Federal Law, ukudalula noma yisiphi isenzo se-Article 15 noma sokuphatha, ngaphandle kwemvume ebhalwe phansi, ilungu leMpi. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ilungu "lizojeziswa," ngokuphinga, futhi umlingani okhononda ngeke akwazi.