Izinsimbi ezilandelayo zenza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iphakethe lesithupha" endaweni yokugubha yendabuko lapho kunezinsimbi ezintathu ezifakwa phezu kwamanye amathuluzi amathathu.
Lezi zinsimbi eziyisithupha zokuhamba ngezinyawo ziwumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi lwezindiza zezindiza futhi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: izinsimbi ze-static (noma i-pitot-static) nezinsimbi ze-gyroscopic.
Ama-Static / Pitot-Static Instruments
- Isibonakaliso se-Airspeed: Inkomba ye- airspeed itjela umshayeli wezindiza eziboniswe ngezindiza (noma kwezinye izimo, inombolo ye-Mach). Ngezinye izikhathi i-Airspeed iboniswe emoyeni weqiniso, okuyinto yolwazi olubalulekile lokuhlela indiza . (I-airspeed yeqiniso iyona ijubane langempela lezindiza maqondana nomoya futhi lilungiswe ukushisa nokusebenza kwemiphumela.
Ngokuvamile nje amafindo ambalwa ahlukile kunezindiza ezikhonjisiwe ezindizeni ezincane.) Ngokweqile, inkomba ye-airspeed isebenza ngokuqhathanisa ukucindezela kwe-ram air from the tube pitot kuya ekugxileni kwe-air kusuka kwelinye noma ngaphezulu kwamaports. I-diaphragm ngaphakathi kwe-casing casing iyancipha ukuhlukana kwengcindezi futhi iyibonisa ekuboniseni izinsimbi.
Izinkomba ezindiza emoyeni ziyikhodi ekhonjiwe ngakho umshayeli angakwazi ukubona izigaba ezinjengebala elijwayelekile lokusebenza, ibanga lokusebenzisa i-flap, nokuqapha ibanga. Ukuvinjelwa okungenani okuphansi nokuhamba phambili, kanye nezinye izivinini ezibalulekile (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-V-speed), zimakwe futhi.
- I-Altimeter: I-altimeter ibonisa ukuphakama okuqondile kwezindiza ngenhla kwe-MSL ( izinga elwandle elishoyo) lilungiswe ukucindezela kwangaphandle kwomoya. Umshayeli wemoto usetha ukulungiswa kokucindezela okufanele (isilungiselelo sendawo kulabo abashayela ngezansi kwezingu-18,000) futhi i-altimeter izobonisa ukuphakama okuhambisana naphezulu kwe-MSL.
I-altimeter isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-barometer eyisisekelo, ngokuqhathanisa ukucindezela okuyi-static ngaphakathi kwesikhwama se-aneroid esisindile ekucindezelekeni okukhulisa noma okuyi-contract. Lapho indiza ikhuphuka noma ihla, ukucindezela emoyeni kuyokwehla noma kwande, ngokulandelana. Lo mshini womoya wangaphandle uhlale uqhathaniswa nengcindezi ngaphakathi kwe-capsule engavumelekile, futhi ngosizo lokuxhumanisa kanye ne-pointer, ukuphakama kuboniswa ku-instrument ye-cockpit.
- Isibonakaliso esisheshayo esisheshayo: ijubane elilinganayo izinga lokukhuphuka noma ukwehla kwendiza, okuvame ukuboniswa ezinyaweni ngomzuzu (fpm) ngesibonisi sejubane (VSI). Endizeni yezindiza, inaliti ye-VSI ibhekisela ezinyaweni ezingu- '0'.
I-VSI isebenza ngokulinganisa nokuqhathanisa ukucindezela kwesimo ngaphakathi kwe-capsule enwetshiwe kuya kwengcindezi ye-metered ngaphandle kwe-capsule. Ukucindezela ngaphakathi kwe-capsule kushintsha ngokushesha njengoba indiza ikhuphuka noma ihla, kanti ingcindezi ngaphandle kwe-capsule iyashintsha kancane kancane ngenxa yokuvuza kwe-metered.
Ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka ne-descents, i-capsule iphoqa noma ikhula, ngokulandelanayo. Umoya wokucindezela ulinganiswa futhi uxhunyaniswe ne-pointer, lapho kuboniswa khona ebusweni bomculo. I-VSI ibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi indiza ikhuphuka noma ihla futhi izinga lokukhuphuka noma ukwehla. Kungaba khona ukulula okuncane kolwazi oluvezwe kwi-VSI uma indiza iqhutshwa ngokungazelelwe. Ezingxenyeni, izinkomba zingahle ziguquke kancane.
Ama-Gyroscopic Instruments
- Isibonakaliso sengqondo : Isibonisi sengqondo kungenzeka ukuthi iyisitsha esibaluleke kakhulu sabashayeli bezindiza. Ngombono owodwa, umshayeli wemoto angatshela ukuthi indiza ikhuphuka, yehla, iphendukile noma iqondile nezingeni. Inikeza inkomba eqondile yezinguquko ekugxileni isimo sengqondo kanye nebhange. Isibonisi sesimo sengqondo sinomkhawulo wokufakelwa okuyisizinda sezindiza encane.
Insimbi isetshenziselwa ukukhombisa isibhakabhaka (ngokuvamile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) nomhlabathi (ngokuvamile unobundu), ngendiza encane ehlelwe ekuhloleni okufakelwayo (umugqa omhlophe) ezindiza yezinga. Ezimweni eziningi, indiza encane ifakwe ecaleni lokubukwa kwensimbi, futhi lihamba ngendiza.
Ama-horizontal avela ukuhamba okuvela ku-gyroscope futhi ihlala imisiwe ngokuphathelene ne-gyroscope eyakhayo, "ephethe" isikhundla sayo ngokubhekisela ekuhloleni kwangempela. I-gyroscope ngokwayo ingenziwa igesi noma igesi.
- Isikhombisi se-Heading: Ithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuhamba , isibonakaliso sokukhomba sihlinzeka ngolwazi oluqondisayo kumshayeli ofanayo njengendlela ikhampasi yamagneti enza ngayo. Isikhombisi sokukhomba ngokwaso asikho ukufuna inyakatho kodwa singabonisa isihloko esinembile uma sihambelana nekhampasi yamagnetic. Isikhombisi sokukhomba iyinsimbi ye-gyroscopic futhi ingafakwa nge-vacuum-driven noma amandla kagesi.
Njengoba indiza ibheka ngakwesokunxele noma ngakwesokudla, isibonakaliso sokukhomba sizoshintsha ukubonisa isihloko esisha phakathi kwe-zero no-359 degrees ekhadini lekhampasi. Indiza encane iphakathi nendawo yenkomba bese iphenduka ngezindiza ngenkathi i-gyroscope (nokuhlanganisana ngokuhambisana) ivula ikhampasi yekhampasi esihlotsheni. Ngakwesokunxele, indiza encane ibonakala ibheke ngakwesokunxele kuyilapho ikhadi lekhampasi liphendukela ngakwesokudla. - Vula Umxhumanisi: Umxhumanisi we- turn ungenye insimbi ye-gyroscopic engaba yombane noma igxiliwe. Ngenye yezinsimbi ezilula, endiza encane ephonsa amaphiko ayo ngendlela eyodwa ukukhombisa izinga lokuphenduka noma isilinganiso noma umqulu.
Lapho umshayeli eqaqa indiza ephendukayo, indiza encane ibonisa umqulu ohambelanayo ngokushesha. Kukhona amaki amakafula kulelo thuluzi elilinganiselwe ukukhombisa isilinganiso sezinga elijwayelekile lezindiza (i-turn-standard rate ye-360-degree ithatha imizuzu emibili).
Umxhumanisi we-turn uphinde uhlanganise nokukhubazeka, okuyibhola elimiswe emthonjeni ophendula njenge-pendulum ngenkathi ephenduka indiza. Ibhola liyasebenza ekuphenduleni amandla adonsela phansi nokuguqula amabutho futhi izobonisa ukujika okudidiyelwe noma okungaqondakali. Umshayeli we-pilot angakwazi ukuphikisa ukujika okungahambisani nokusetshenziswa kokuhamba kwesibindi, ukugwema ukujika noma ukujika.