Isigaba 111 UCM; Ukudakwa noma ukungabi nandaba kokuhamba kwemoto, indiza noma isitsha
Umbhalo .
"Noma yimuphi umuntu ngaphansi kwalesi sahluko ngubani-
(1) isebenza noma ilawula ngokomzimba noma imuphi imoto, indiza, noma umkhumbi ngendlela engacabangi noma engafuni noma noma engaphumeleli yizinto ezichazwe esigabeni 912a (b) salesi sihloko ( Isigaba 112a (b)) , noma
(2) usebenza noma ukulawulwa ngokomzimba kwanoma imuphi imoto, indiza noma isitsha ngenkathi idakiwe noma lapho ukuhlushwa utshwala egazini lomuntu noma ngokuphefumula kufana noma kudlula izinga elivinjelwe ngaphansi kwesigatshana (b), njengoba kuboniswa ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali , uzojeziswa njengendlela yokulwa nenkantolo.
Isigaba b
(1) Ngezinhloso zesigatshana (a), izinga elifanele lokuhlushwa utshwala egazini lomuntu noma ngokuphefumula kanje:
(A) Endabeni yokusebenza noma ukulawula imoto, indiza, noma isitsha e-United States, izinga lokuhlushwa kwegazi okwenqatshelwe ngaphansi komthetho kaHulumeni lapho kuqhutshwa khona, ngaphandle kokuthi kuhlinzekwe ngaphansi isigaba (b) (2) sokuziphatha ekufakweni kwezempi okuMbuso ongaphezu kweyodwa, noma izinga lokuhlushwa utshwala oluvinjelwe elichazwe esigabeni (b) (3).
(B) Endabeni yokusebenza noma ukulawulwa kwemoto, indiza noma isitsha ngaphandle kwe-United States, izinga lokuhlushwa kwegazi okwesigatshana (b) (3) noma lelozinga eliphansi njengoba uNobhala Wezokuvikela ngokumisa umthetho.
(2) Uma kwenzeka ukufakwa kwezempi okuMbuso angaphezu kweyodwa, uma lawo mazwe anamazinga ahlukene ekuchazeni izingxenyana zabo zokuvinjelwa kwegazi ezingavunyelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yabo eqondene nezwe, uNobhala oqondene nokufakwa angakhetha eyodwa yezinga lokufaka isicelo ngokufanayo kulokho kufakwa.
(3) Ngezinhloso zesigatshana (b) (1), izinga lokuhlushwa kotshwala olwenqatshelwe egazini lika-0.10 amagremu noma ngaphezulu kotshwala ngamamitha ayizigidi eziyikhulu egazi futhi ngokuphathelene nokuhlushwa utshwala ekuphefumuleni komuntu yi-0.10 amagremu noma ukuphuza ngokweqile ngamalitha angu-210 okuphefumula, njengoba kuboniswa ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali. "
(4) Kulesi sigatshana, igama elithi "United States" lihlanganisa iSifunda saseColombia, i-Commonwealth yasePuerto Rico, iVirgin Islands, iGuam, ne-American Samoa, futhi igama elithi "State" lihlanganisa ngayinye yalezo zindawo. "
Izinto
(1) Ukuthi ummangalelwa usebenza noma ngokulawula ngokomzimba imoto, indiza noma isitsha; futhi
(2) Lokho okwenzekayo noma ekulawuleni ngokomzimba imoto, indiza noma isitsha, umsolwa:
(a) wenza kanjalo ngendlela engafuni noma engenandaba, noma
(b) wayedakiwe noma ekhubazekile, noma
(c) izinga lokuhlushwa utshwala egazini likaMsolwa noma ngokuphefumula, njengoba kuboniswe ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali, kwakulingana noma kudlule izinga elifanele elinikezwe esigatshaneni b ngenhla.
(3) Ngalokho ummangali wenza ukuthi imoto, indiza, noma isitsha zilimaze umuntu.
Incazelo
(1) Imoto. Bona - 1 USC § 4.
(2) Umkhumbi. Bona - 1 USC § 3.
(3) izindiza . Noma yimiphi imikhiqizo esetshenziselwe noma eyenzelwe ukuhamba emoyeni.
(4) Isebenza . Ukusebenza imoto, izindiza, noma umkhumbi akubandakanyi ukushayela noma ukuqondisa imoto, indiza noma isitsha ngenkathi kuhamba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngumuntu noma nge-ejensi yomunye, kodwa futhi ukubeka amandla okugqugquzela okusebenzayo noma ukuphathwa ukulawula ukuze kubangele imoto ethile, indiza noma isitsha ukuhamba.
(5) Ukulawulwa ngokomzimba nokulawulwa ngokomzimba kwangempela . Le migomo njengoba isetshenziswe kwisimiso iyafana. Bachaza ikhono lamanje namandla okulawula, ukuqondisa noma ukulawula imoto, isitsha, noma izindiza, kungaba ngomuntu noma nge-ejensi yenye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imoto, indiza noma isitsha kusebenza yini. Isibonelo, umuntu ophuzile uhlezi ngemuva kwesondo lokushayela imoto enezihluthulelo zemoto ngaphakathi noma eduze nalokho kushayisana kodwa injini engaphenduliwe ingabonwa ngokulawulwa kwangempela kwemoto yalo moto.
Kodwa-ke, umuntu olele esihlalweni sangemuva enezihluthulelo ephaketheni lakhe angeke abonakale ekulawulweni kwangempela ngokomzimba. Ukulawula ngokomzimba kuhlanganisa nokusebenza.
(6) ukuphuza noma ukukhubazeka . "Ukudakwa" kanye "nokukhubazeka" kusho noma yikuphi ukuphuza okwanele ukuphazamisa ukusebenza okunengqondo nokugcwele kwamakhono engqondo noma ngokomzimba. Igama elidakiwe lisetshenziselwa ukubheja utshwala. Leli gama elikhubazekile lisetshenziselwa ukubhekwa ngokwezinto ezichazwe ku- Isigaba 112 (a) , Ikhodi Elingavamile Yezobulungiswa BaseMpi.
(7) Akunakutholakali . Ukusebenza noma ukulawula ngokomzimba imoto, umkhumbi, noma izindiza "akunandaba" lapho kubonisa ukungahloniphi imiphumela engabonakali kwabanye kwabanye isenzo noma ukungabikho okuhilelekile. Ukungabi nalutho akukwenziwe kuphela ngenxa yokwenzeka kokulimala, noma ukuhlasela kwamalungelo omunye, noma ubufakazi bokuphela kwejubane elidlulele noma ukusebenza okungaqondakali, kodwa zonke lezi zici zingase zamukeleke futhi zifanele njengoba zithinta umbuzo omkhulu: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo, indlela ummangalelwa yokusebenza ngayo noma ukulawula ngokomzimba imoto, umkhumbi noma indiza kwakuyilokho okungaqondakali okwakwenza kube yingozi noma impela kubahlali, noma kumalungelo noma ukuphepha kwabanye. Isebenza noma ilawula ngokomzimba imoto, umkhumbi, noma indiza enesizinga esiphakeme sokunganakekeli ukuthi uma kubulawa ukufa, umsolwa uzobe esezibulala ngokuzibulala, okungenani. Isimo sezimiso lapho imoto, umkhumbi, noma indiza isebenza noma ilawulwa, isikhathi sosuku noma ubusuku, ukusondela kanye nenani lezinye izimoto, imikhumbi, noma izindiza kanye nesimo semoto, isitsha, noma indiza, zivame ukubaluleka ekuboniseni icala elibekwe ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko futhi, lapho zibaluleke khona, zingasolwa ngokufanele.
(8) i- Wanton . "Wanton" ihlanganisa "ukunganaki", kepha ngokuchaza ukusebenza noma ukulawula ngokomzimba imoto, umkhumbi, noma "ukufunwa" kwezindiza kungathi, ngokufanelekile, kuxhumane nokuzikhethela, noma ukungahambisani nemiphumela engenzeka, futhi ngaleyo ndlela uchaze kabanzi icala.
(9) i- Causation . Ukushayela okudakiwe noma okungenangqondo kufanele kube yimbangela yokulimala kommangali ukuthi unecala lokushayela okudakiwe noma okungenangqondo okubangelwa ukulimala kwakhe. Ukuze sisondele, izenzo zommangalelwa akudingeki ukuthi zibe yimbangela yokulimala, futhi akumele kube yimbangela yokuqala yokulimala, okungukuthi, yakamuva ngesikhathi nesikhala esandulela ukulimala. Isizathu esibangelwayo sibonakala siseduze kuphela uma sidlala indima ebalulekile ekulimazeni kowesisulu.
(10) Ukuhlukanisa amacala . Ngenkathi inkambo efanayo yokuziphatha ingabangela ukwephulwa kokubili kwezigatshana (1) no (2) se-Article, isibonelo, kokubili ukuphuza nokusebenza ngokungenangqondo noma ukulawula ngokomzimba, lesi sihloko sichaza ukuziphatha okuchazwe kuzo zombili izigatshana njengamacala ahlukile, okungenzeka icala elihlukile. Kodwa-ke, njengokunganaki kuyindaba enesihlobo, ubufakazi bazo zonke izimo ezizungezile ezenze ukuthi ukusebenza kube yingozi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kushiwo noma cha, kungase kuvunyelwe. Ngakho-ke, ekushayweni kokushayela okungenangqondo, isibonelo, ubufakazi bokudakwa bungase buvunyelwe njengokwethula isici esisodwa sokunganaki, nobufakazi bokuthi imoto idlule isivinini esiphephile, ngesikhathi esifanele nesikhathi esifanele, kungase kuvunyelwe njengokubambisana nezinye ubufakazi bokungathembeki okuqondile okukhokhisiwe. Ngokufanayo, ngokushayela ukushayela okudakiwe, ubufakazi obufanele bokunganaki bungaba nenani elibalulekile njengokubambisana nobunye ubufakazi bokudakwa.
Omncane wafaka iphutha
(1) Ukusebenza okungenalutho noma okungafuneki noma okungafaneleki noma ukulawulwa ngokomzimba komkhumbi. Isigaba 110-ukulimala okungalungile komkhumbi.
(2) Ukusetshenziswa kwesidakwa semoto, isitsha, noma indiza ngenkathi idakiwe noma ngegazi noma ukuphefumula ukuhlushwa utshwala ngokwephula okuchazwe ngokwezinga ngalinye.
(a) Isigaba 110-ukulimala okungalungile komkhumbi
(b) Isigaba 112- esincane emsebenzini
(c) Isigaba 134 -sitshalwe esiteshini
Isijeziso esikhulu
(1) Ukuthola ukulimala komuntu siqu . Ukukhishwa okungenakukhunjulwa, ukuchithwa kwazo zonke izinkokhelo kanye nezibonelelo, nokuvalelwa izinyanga ezingu-18.
(2) Akukho ukulimala komuntu siqu okuhilelekile . Ukukhishwa kokuziphatha okubi, ukulahlekelwa yizo zonke izinkokhelo kanye nezibonelelo, nokuvalelwa izinyanga ezingu-6.
Okungaphezulu Kwamazwi kusuka eNcwadini Yenkantolo Yamacala, 2002, Isahluko 4, Isigaba 35