Ukuxoshwa e-Military - UCMJ Isigaba 85

Izihloko Eziyisijeziso ze-UCMJ, Isigaba 85

Umbhalo we-Article 85

"(A) Noma yiliphi ilungu lamabutho ahlomile-

1. ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kuya noma ehlala engekho eyunithi yakhe, inhlangano, noma indawo yomsebenzi ngenhloso yokuhlala kude nanoma yikuphi;
2. ukuyeka inhlangano yakhe, inhlangano, noma indawo yomsebenzi ngenhloso yokugwema umsebenzi oyingozi noma ukukhipha umsebenzi obalulekile; noma
3. ngaphandle kokuba ahlale ehlukaniswe nenye yebutho elihlomile noma elamukela i-aphoyintimenti kuleyo ndawo noma enye yamabutho ahlomile ngaphandle kokudalula ngokugcwele ukuthi akazange ahlukaniswe njalo, noma angena noma iyiphi insizakalo ehlomile ngaphandle uma egunyazwe yi-United Amazwe Qaphela: Leli lungiselelo liye lagcinwa ukuthi lingasho icala elihlukile eNkantolo Yezizwe ZaseMelika e-United States v. Huff, i-USCMA 247, 22 CMR 37 (1956) , inecala lokudabuka.

(b) Noma yiliphi iphoyisa elimisiwe eliphethe izimpi, ngemuva kokuba ithenda yokuzihoxisa futhi ngaphambi kokuba isaziso sokwamukelwa kwalo, lishiye isikhundla sakhe noma imisebenzi efanele ngaphandle kokushiya futhi ngenhloso yokuhlala kude lapho inecala lokushiya.

(c) Noma yimuphi umuntu otholwa enecala lokulahla noma ezama ukulahla uyojeziswa, uma icala lizinikezelwa ngesikhathi sempi, ngokufa noma esinye isijeziso njengoba inkantolo ingabhalwa, kodwa uma ukulahlwa noma ukuzama ukulahla kwenzeka nganoma isiphi esinye isikhathi, ngesijeziso esinjalo, ngaphandle kokufa, njengoba inkantolo ingabhalwa. "

Qaphela

Icala leDesertion , ngaphansi kwesigaba sama-85, senza isijeziso esikhulu kunaleyo, kunecala le-AWOL, ngaphansi kweSigaba 86 . Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uma engekho ngaphandle kwegunya ngaphezulu kwezinsuku ezingu-30, icala lishintsha kusuka ku-AWOL kuya ku-Desertion, kodwa lokho akulona iqiniso.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamacala amabili "inhloso yokuhlala kude unomphela." Uma umuntu ehlose ukubuyela " ekulawulweni kwezempi ," unecala "i-AWOL," ngaphansi kwesigatshana sama-86, hhayi ukuchithwa, ngaphansi kwe-Article 85, noma ngabe bebengekho iminyaka eyishumi.

Ukudideka kuvela eqinisweni lokuthi, uma ilungu lingekho ngaphandle kwegunya isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-30, uhulumeni (i-court-martial) uvunyelwe ukucabanga ukuthi kwakungenhloso yokubuyela. Ngakho-ke, umthwalo wobufakazi bokuthi umsolwa uhlose ukuba ngelinye ilanga abuyele "ekulawulweni kwezempi" unamalungelo okuvikela.

Umuntu ongekho usuku olulodwa noma amabili kuphela, wabe esethathwa, angasolwa icala leDesertion, kodwa umshushisi kufanele abonise ubufakazi bokuthi umsolwa uzimisele ukuhlala kude.

Izinto

(1) Ukudangala ngenhloso yokuhlala kude .

• (a) Ukuthi ummangali akekho oweyakhe, inhlangano noma indawo yokusebenza;
• (b) Ukuthi ukungabikho kwakungekho igunya;
• (c) Ukuthi ummangalelwa, ngesikhathi sokungabikho kwakhe kuqale noma ngesikhathi esithile engekho, wayehlose ukuhlala kude nenhlangano yakhe, inhlangano noma indawo yomsebenzi unomphela; futhi
• (d) Ukuthi ummangalelwa wahlala engekho kuze kube usuku oluthiwa ngalo. Qaphela: Uma ukungabikho kwakunqanyuliwe ukukhathazeka, engeza into elandelayo
• (e) Ukuthi ukungabikho komsolwa kwakunqanyuliwe ngokukhathazeka.

(2) Ukunciphisa ngenhloso yokugwema umsebenzi onobungozi noma ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekile .

• (a) Ukuthi ummangalelwa ushiye inhlangano yakhe, inhlangano, noma enye indawo yomsebenzi;
• (b) Ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza kanjalo ngenjongo yokugwema umsebenzi othile noma ukuhlinzekela isevisi ethile;
• (c) Ukuthi umsebenzi ozokwenziwa wawuyingozi noma isevisi ibalulekile;
• (d) Ummangalelwa uyazi ukuthi uzodinga umsebenzi noma umsebenzi; futhi

• (e) Ukuthi ummangalelwa wahlala engekho kuze kube usuku olusolwa ngalo.

(3) Ukudikibala ngaphambi kwesaziso sokwamukelwa emsebenzini .

• (a) Ukuthi ummangalelwa wayeyisikhulu esiphezulu sebutho elihlomile lase-United States, futhi wayeke wayeka ukuyeka kwakhe;
• (b) Ngaphambi kokuthola isaziso sokwamukelwa kwakhe, ummangalelwa ushiye isikhundla sakhe noma imisebenzi efanele;
• (c) Ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza kanjalo ngenhloso yokuhlala kude nomsebenzi wakhe noma imisebenzi yakhe; futhi
• (d) Ukuthi ummangalelwa wahlala engakafiki kuze kube usuku olusolwa ngalo. Qaphela: Uma ukungabikho kwakunqanyuliwe ukukhathazeka, engeza into elandelayo
• (e) Ukuthi ukungabikho komsolwa kwakunqanyuliwe ngokukhathazeka.

(4) Ukuzama ukulahla .

• (a) Ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza isenzo esithile esiphezulu;
• (b) Ukuthi lesi senzo senziwe ngenhloso ethize yokuhamba;
• (c) Ukuthi lesi senzo saba ngaphezu kokulungiselela nje; futhi
• (d) Ukuthi lesi senzo sibonakala senza ukukhishwa kwecala lokwehla.

Incazelo

(1) Ukudangala ngenhloso yokuhlala kude .

• (a) Ngokujwayelekile . Ukwenqabela ngenhloso yokuhlala kude unomphela uqedile lapho umuntu engekho ngokwakhe ngaphandle kwegunya lakhe, inhlangano, noma indawo yomsebenzi, ngenhloso yokuhlala kude. Ukuphenduka okusheshayo nokubuya, ngenkathi impahla isetshenziselwa, ayikho ukuvikela. Akudingekile ukuthi lo muntu angabikho ngokuphelele ekulawulweni kwezempi nokulawula.

• (b) Ukungabi namandla- ukuvuma, isikhathi, ukuqedwa. Bheka isigaba 10c .
• (c) Inhloso yokuhlala kude .
• (d) Umphumela wokubhalisa noma ukuqokwa kwamandla ahlukene noma ahlukene . Isigaba 85a (3) asisho icala elihlukile. Kunalokho, kuyimithetho yobufakazi lapho umshushisi angafakazela ukuthi uzimisele ukuhlala kude. Ubufakazi bokubhaliswa noma ukwamukelwa kwe-aphoyintimenti enkonzweni ngaphandle kokudalula isimo somsebenzi esivela ku-preexisting enkonzweni efanayo noma ehlukile kunikeza isisekelo lapho inhloso yokuhlala unomphela kuleyo nhlangano, inhlangano, noma indawo yokusebenza ukudonsa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma umuntu, ngaphandle kokuba ahlukane njalo neyodwa yamabutho ahlomile, angenelela noma avume ukuqashwa okufanayo noma enye ibutho elihlomile, ukuba khona komuntu enkonzweni yezempi ngaphansi kokubhaliswa noma ukuqokwa okungukuthi akubuyiselwa ekulawuleni amasosha futhi ayiqedi noma yikuphi ukulahla noma ukungahambi ngaphandle kwegunya kusukela kuleloyunithi noma inhlangano yangaphambili, ngaphandle uma amaqiniso enkathi yangaphambili yenkonzo eyaziwa eziphathimandla zempi. Uma umuntu, ngenkathi elahliwe, efaka noma elamukela i-aphoyintimenti kuleyo nto noma enye ibutho elihlomile, futhi ehlane lapho ekhonza ukubhaliswa noma ukuqokwa, lowo muntu angase avivinywe futhi anecala ngokushiya.

• (ii) Ummangalelwa kufanele ukuthi wayehlose ukuhlala kude unyunithi, inhlangano, noma indawo yomsebenzi. Lapho umsolwa enesisusa esinjalo, akusikho ukuvikela ukuthi umsolwa naye uhlose ukubika umsebenzi kwenye indawo, noma ukucela noma ukwamukela ukuqashwa endaweni efanayo noma ehlukile.

  (iii) Inhloso yokuhlala kude unomphela ingasungulwa ubufakazi obunjalo. Phakathi kwezimo lapho kungase kutholakale khona ukuthi ummangali uhlose ukuhlala engekho ngokuphelele noma; ukuthi isikhathi sokungabikho kwakuyisikhathi eside; ukuthi ummangalelwa uzame ukwenza, noma enza, ukulahla imifomu noma ezinye impahla zempi; ukuthi ummangalelwa uthenge ithikithi elide noma waboshwa, wabanjwa noma wanikezwa ibanga elide esiteshini somsolwa; ukuthi ummangali wayengakwazi ukuzinikela ekulawuleni amasosha kodwa akazange; ukuthi umsolwa wayengenelisekile ngunithi wesolwa, umkhumbi, noma ngezempi; ukuthi ummangali wenza amazwi abonisa inhloso yokulahla; ukuthi ummangali ubekwe icala noma esebalekile ejele ngesikhathi sokungabikho; ukuthi ummangali wenza amalungiselelo akhombise ngenhloso yokungabuyeli (isibonelo, amalungiselelo ezemali), noma ukuthi ummangalelwa wabhalisa noma wamukela i-aphoyintimenti kuleyo nto noma enye ibutho elihlomile ngaphandle kokudalula ukuthi umsolwa wayengakahlukaniswanga ngaso sonke isikhathi, noma wangena noma iyiphi insizakalo yezizwe zangaphandle ngaphandle kokugunyazwa yi-United States. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okulandelayo kufakwe ezimweni ezingase zithinte ukunganaki ukuthi umsolwa uzimisele ukuhlala kude unomphela: isevisi eyedlule futhi enhle kakhulu; ukuthi ummangalelwa ushiye impahla eyigugu eyedwa ebunini noma emkhunjini; noma ukuthi umsolwa ubengaphansi kokuthwala utshwala noma izidakamizwa ngesikhathi engekho. Lezinhlu zibonisa kuphela.

  (iv) Ukungenelela kumadokhumenti, njengamarekhodi okuphendula abasebenzi, okubhekiselele kumuntu osolwa ngokuthi "i-deserter" akuwona ubufakazi bokuhlosela ukugwaza.

  (v) Ukufakazela, noma ukucela icala, ukungabikho okungagunyaziwe, ngisho nesikhathi eside, akusikho ngaphezulu, okufakazela ukuthi unecala.

  (i) Inhloso yokuhlala kude unyunithi, inhlangano, noma indawo yomsebenzi kungenziwa noma nini ngesikhathi sokungabikho okungagunyaziwe. Inhloso akudingeki ibe khona lapho kungekho, noma nganoma isiphi isikhathi esithile, uma nje sikhona ngesikhathi esithile lapho kungekho khona.

(2) Ukushiya inhlangano, inhlangano, noma indawo yomsebenzi ngenhloso yokugwema umsebenzi onobungozi noma ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekile .

• (a) Umsebenzi obungozi noma umsebenzi obalulekile . "Umsebenzi onobungozi" noma "umsebenzi obalulekile" ungabandakanya isevisi efana nomsebenzi ekulweni noma kwenye indawo eyingozi; ukuqalisa umsebenzi othile wangaphandle noma wolwandle; ukunyakaza kuya echwebeni lokuqala kulolo njongo; ukufakwa emsebenzini emngceleni noma ogwini ngesikhathi sempi noma esongela ukuhlasela noma ezinye iziphazamiso; umsebenzi wesiteleka noma isisulu; noma umsebenzi ekusizeni amandla omphakathi, isibonelo, ukuvikela impahla, noma ukuguqula noma ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka ngezikhathi zenhlekelele enkulu yomphakathi. Izinsizakalo ezinjenge-drill, umgomo wokuzikhandla, ukuqondisa, nokuqhuba umzila akuzona "umsebenzi onobungozi noma umsebenzi obalulekile." Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi unobungozi noma isevisi kubalulekile kuncike ezimweni zaleso simo, futhi umbuzo weqiniso isinqumo senkantolo.

• (b) Ukushiya . "Ukuyeka" ku-Article 85 kusho ukuthi "uyahamba ngaphandle kwegunya."
• (c) Ulwazi lwangempela . Isigaba 85 a (2) sidinga ubufakazi bokuthi umsolwa empeleni wayazi umsebenzi obungozi noma umsebenzi obalulekile. Ukwaziswa kwangempela kungase kuboniswe ubufakazi obunjalo.

(3) Ukuzama ukulahla . Lapho kwenziwa umzamo, iqiniso lokuthi lowo muntu uyazishiya, ngokuzithandela noma ngenye indlela, akayikukhansela icala. Icala liphelele, isibonelo, uma umuntu, ehlose ukuhamba, efihla emotweni yempahla engenalutho endaweni yokubhuka ezempi, enenhloso yokubalekela ngokukhishwa emotweni. Ukungena emotweni ngenhloso yokugwaza yisenzo esiphezulu. Ukuze uthole ingxoxo eningiliziwe yemizamo, bheka isigaba 4 . Ukuze uthole incazelo mayelana nesisusa sokuhlala kude, bheka isigaba-9c (1) (c).

(4) Isiboshwa esiphelelwe ukukhishwa kwesigwebo . Isiboshwa sokuxoshwa noma ukuhlonishwa noma ukuziphatha okungafanelekile noma ukuziphatha okubi kukhishwe akuyona "ilungu lamabutho ahlomile" okushiwo izigatshana 85 noma 86, nakuba lesi siboshwa singase sibe ngaphansi komthetho wezempi ngaphansi kweSigaba 2 ( a ) ( 7) .

Uma amaqiniso eqinisekisa, leso siboshwa singasolwa ngokuphunyuka ejele ngaphansi kweSigaba 95 , noma icala ngaphansi kwesiGaba 134 .

I-Offer Inclusive Included

Isigaba 86 -absence ngaphandle kokushiya

Isijeziso esikhulu .

(1) Ukuqedwa noma ukuzama ukwehla ngenhloso yokugwema umsebenzi onobungozi noma ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekile .

Ukukhishwa okungenakukhunjulwa, ukuchithwa kwazo zonke izinkokhelo kanye nezibonelelo, nokuboshwa iminyaka emihlanu.

(2) Amanye amacala okuqedwa noma ukuzama ukuyeka .

• (a) Ukuqedwa ngokukhathazeka . Ukukhishwa okungenakukhunjulwa, ukuchithwa kwazo zonke izinkokhelo kanye nezibonelelo, nokuboshwa iminyaka engu-3.
• (b) Ukuqedwa ngenye indlela . Ukukhishwa okungenakukhunjulwa, ukuchithwa kwazo zonke izinkokhelo kanye nezibonelelo, nokuboshwa iminyaka emibili.

(3) Ngesikhathi sempi . Ukufa noma esinye isijeziso njengendlela yokulwa nenkantolo kungabhalwa.

_{Ulwazi oluphezulu oluvela kwi-Manual for Court Martial, 2002, Isahluko 4, Isigaba 9}